Hipaa Violation

Course Project Rough Draft MGH HIPAA violation case Jennifer Brummage Medical Law and Ethics In the health care business, there are certain standards and laws that have been put in place to protect our patients and their personal health information. When a health care facility fails to protect their patient’s confidential information, the US Government may get involved and facilities may be forced to pay huge sums of money in fines, and risk damaging their reputation. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was established in 1996. This Act was put into place in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the health care system. The HIPAA law includes a Privacy rule and a Security Rule. Hospitals, Doctors, and employees in the medical field are expected to adopt the national standards and aim to keep patient information confidential. When a hospital or medical employee fails to meet the standards set, lawsuits can ensue and they can be fined large sums of money relating to the incident. The Privacy Rule establishes national standards to protect individual’s medical records and other personal health information and applies to health plans, health care clearinghouses, and those health care providers that conduct certain health care transactions electronically. The Privacy rule requires appropriate safeguards to protect personal health information. The rule also gives patients’ rights over their health information, including rights to examine and obtain a copy of their health records. The Security protects individual’s electronic personal health information that is created, received, used or maintained by a covered entity. The Security rule requires appropriate administrative, physical and technical safeguards to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and security of electronic protected health information. The Office for Civil rights (OCR) is responsible for enforcing the HIPAA standards. When a complaint is filed, it is the job of the OCR to investigate. OCR may also conduct compliance reviews to determine if the health organization is in compliance with the HIPAA laws. When the OCR accepts a complaint from an individual, they will notify the person and the covered entity named in it. Then both parties will submit information about the incident. The OCR will review the information to determine whether or not a violation has occurred. When violations have occurred and have been proven, the US Government will impose a fine that they see appropriate. When Health organizations such a private medical practices, hospitals, and clinics fail to meet the standards described in the HIPAA act, investigations, bad press, and fines are surely to follow. There have been a number of cases in the past few years that have been investigated for HIPAA violations. One of the more recent and highly publicized cases was that of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). On March 6, 2009 is was reported that an employee of MGH had removed from the hospitals premises a folder of documents that included the private healthcare information (PHI) of approximately one hundred and ninety two patients. The employee had removed the folder from the hospital’s medical records room, so that she could bring her work home with her in order to complete some paperwork. The information that was included in these files were documents that had billing encounter forms that contained the names of the patients, their date of birth, social security numbers, addresses, phone numbers, medical record number, the patients diagnoses and proposed course of treatment, their provider and the providers address and phone numbers. The folder also contained documents that included the practices daily office schedule for three days and the medical record number for 192 patients. The employee was aware that she was not permitted to remove this confidential information from the hospital premises. In doing so, she violated the HIPAA law. On March 9, 2009, the employee who removed the documents from the hospital was commuting to work on a subway train. According to the complaint that was filed, the employee had removed the folder containing the documents from her bag and placed them in the seat beside her. The documents were not in an envelope and they were bound only by a rubber band. Upon exiting the train, the MGH employee left the documents on the subway train. The documents were never recovered. This incident was later reported to the Office of Civil rights (OCR) by a patient who was informed by the hospital that his medical records had been lost by an employee and left them on a subway train. The One hundred and ninety two patients involved had been patients of the hospitals Infectious Disease outpatient practice, which includes HIV/AIDS patients. The fact that the patients involved in this case were potentially AIDS patients, made the violation that much more serious. Investigators had to take in to account that these people had their medical records lost, and in those records were their phone numbers and addresses and possibly their place of employment. If these documents fell into the wrong hands, the potential for destroying the patients’ lives was very high. Had a person with malicious intent got ahold of their information, they could have harassed the patient and possibly spread their personal information around, which could have had devastating consequences. The Office of Civil Rights began their investigation of Massachusetts General following the March 2009 Complaint. Because of the potential violations that MGH faced, they agreed to pay the United State Government $1,000,000 to settle potential fines. MGH is one of the nation’s largest and oldest hospitals. The Hospital is highly regarded and respected, and many hospitals took notice when the investigation into possible HIPAA security law violations began. In addition to agreeing to pay the United States Government one million dollars, the hospital and the General Hospital Corporation agreed to sign a Resolution Agreement with the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The agreement required that the hospital develop and implement a comprehensive set of policies and procedures to safeguard the privacy of its patients. In signing this resolution agreement, it was the HHS hope that other hospitals and clinics throughout the nation would recognize that the OCR is very serious about investigation every claim that is filed with them. The OCR wants other hospitals to see that if a violation has occurred and a patient’s privacy has been violated, there will be consequences. The OCR wanted to make an example out of Massachusetts General Hospital. In addition to the fines and the signing of the resolution agreement, OCR and HHS asked MGH to enter into a Corrective Action Plan. The HHR wanted the hospital and its employees to not only be held responsible and made an example out of, they also wanted the hospital to raise the awareness of its employees. The Corrective Action Plan (CAP) was designed to develop and implement a comprehensive set of policies and procedures that ensure the patient’s private health information is protected when Removed from the hospitals premises. It was to ensure that the employees were trained and informed of the new policies and procedures so that future mistakes could be prevented. The hospital was also required to have the Director of Internal Audit Services of Partners HealthCare System Inc. to serve as an internal monitor who will conduct assessments of MGH’s compliance with the CAP and render semi-annual reports to the HHS for a 3 year period. It was the mistake of one person that caused so many changes in MGH’s system. It was a costly mistake, but ultimately is has helped the United States Government make hospitals aware that if the standards set are not followed then there will be consequences. The HIPAA laws that are set in place are meant to protect patients. Even the US Government and the employees of MGH are someone’s patients, and they would also want their privacy respected. Hospitals across the nation, private practices, doctors and healthcare facilities should take notice, they need to make sure their employees are trained and informed of the policies and procedures regarding patient’s privacy and security. Every hospital in the nation should raise their own standards so that they are above the ones set for them. Patients will take notice and be appreciative and more trusting when receiving care. In conclusion, this HIPAA violation could have possibly been prevented had MGH implemented the Action Plan in the beginning. The hospital should have had a program that required all employees to take prior to starting work with the hospital. Had the employee that left the documents on the subway been through a class on HIPAA laws and the correct way of handling PHI, maybe the incident never would have occurred. Hospitals should hold a class as part of the hiring process to thoroughly train their employees on this issue. It could be used as a preventive measure and save the hospital from large fines in the future. References * FierceHealthcare. com, HIPAA violations. Feb 25 2011 (54198) * HHS. gov. News Release MGH HIPAA violation. Feb 24 2011 * US Department of Health and Human Services. HIPAA Law, July 19, 2011 * Zigmond J, Modern Healthcare, ISSN: 0160-7480, 2011 Feb 28; Vol. 41 (9), pp. 13 * http://www. hhs. gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/index. html

Elements of leadership development and it’s importance

A leader is not born in a single day, neither is he found in your neighbor’s house. The Leader is in ‘you’. Like every living thing needs food for growth so do the leadership qualities need some nourishment to develop. For its development we need to work on all the important elements that are required to become a great leader. This theory applies not only to an individual but to an organization too. After all it is the individual who constitutes the organization; therefore the principles which we apply to get success in our lives can be used, to get success in an organization too. To start off, we must first and foremost deal with Personal Empowerment. Every human being, every society, every group or organization is not free from faults and mistakes. Weakness is found in everyone. Now, what matters the most is overcoming those, by making right practices and adopting good habits, along with good choices. â€Å"The more you know, the more you realize how much you do not know-the less you know, the more you think you know†-David T. Freeman. Another factor which would empower us in true sense, which is necessary for leadership, is ‘knowledge’. If you don’t know a vital piece of information, then find it out. Ask, get the facts, you need to take smart decisions. Knowledge gives you power. Ignorance puts you at the mercy of others. Another important lesson to be learnt in this segment called personal empowerment is learning to say a ‘yes’ to opportunities. Every individual and organization needs to get out of their cocoon and experience everything that gets into their way in a bold manner. Moving on to our second element -Control. Learning ‘To control’ is necessary for developing Leadership skills. Self-control (a form of control) is vital, one must know that he has control over his own leadership skills and can develop them. Same can be applied to an organization, it has control over its own actions, on performing the right set of actions, and one can achieve a lot. About ‘Control’- Leadership Development Leader Robin Sharma says-â€Å"When things get difficult it’s more important than to pursue excellence, is to focus on things that you can control. Take control of things that you can do and execute them brilliantly.   Then go home and let it go.† So, when you are in charge of a group you must also know how much of control is healthy for a group too. If one tries to get control on all the activities, then he might be regarded as a bad Leader. ‘Control’ must never be in excess amounts so as to frustrate. Freedom- one might wonder, as to, what freedom has to do with leadership. Soon our doubts would be cleared. A book called ‘Leadership Development in Balance’ has to say that-â€Å"I believe those leaders who find ways to create broader amounts of freedom rooted in trust have more sustainable success over time. Of course, to provide freedom, people must be willing and able to accept it and to use that freedom for the right means and ends†. This shows how freedom is necessary to take an action and also to reach ones goals. But with freedom comes-‘Responsibility’. A leader is responsible to perform his duties. A leader has to take accountability of his responsibility. There may be a difference in the level of responsibility, but we have our own set of responsibilities which we have to attend to and address. This in turn must help us to develop ethics .The Center for Ethical Leadership suggests that-â€Å"Core values are what motivate every individual and   shared core values are the foundation for agreements and co-operation among diverse people†, says Pat Hughes, Director of curriculum development for The Center. Ethics are vital for leadership because, these values create an impression on other people primarily. The other elements do create an impression but it is ethics which is most visible. Hence, we have discussed the importance and necessity of each of the elements i.e. personal empowerment, freedom, ethics, control and social responsibility for leadership development. REFERENCE: On personal empowerment: http://www.getrichslowly.org/blog/2007/06/16/developing-self-reliance-personal-empowerment Quote of Freeman: http://www.mind-trek.com/ On Ethics: http://humanresources.about.com/od/leadership/leadership_development.htm http://www.leader-values.com/Content/detail.asp?ContentDetailID=33 http://www.impactfactory.com/p/leadership_ethics_skills_training_development/friends_1547-11105-65192.html On control:

The application of SMS Notification-Based Library

A library management system, also known as an automated library system is software that has been developed to handle basic housekeeping functions of a library. A Library is a temple of learning which plays a pivotal role in the overall development of a society. But, it is a known fact that libraries are not always safe and secure places and they are facing a variety of security concerns which includes the theft, mutilation of library materials and other unethical losses.But, it is the duty of the librarian to pep the library buildings, shelves and stacks open and free without losing items to make available or putting individuals at unacceptable risk from the malicious, avaricious or senseless acts of others. This study aims to develop a Library Management System which is more flexible and less time consuming. According to Manhandling et. Al (201 1), Libraries and information centers are very important in the development of any country,Manhandling(2011). Longitudinal spend on the ALMS is relatively small compared to other core corporate systems.There is an increasing drive for cost reduction through institutional workflow review, yester integration and the streamlining of corporate functions, recognition that the world is changing and that libraries need to change too, taking full account of the complex systems ecology within which they operate ,changing perceptions of what a library collection is and does, including collection and circulation, resource discovery, changes in ownership and control, personalization and seamless access to resources, Veronica, A. T. Al (2008). Comprehensive, flexible and more automated ALMS is yet to be recognized by the community. Libraries are increasingly aware of the need to ‘liberate' their data to allow users to rate new and innovative services and applications. To do so their platforms will require easy-to-use and accessible services for discovery and delivery. It is evident from the cited studies that a Library Managem ent System (ALMS) is very important in the development of any country.This study proposes to make use of a biometric device using a biometric, students can now easily transact in the library as compared to the manual process. This study is expected to contribute positively to establishing a way forward for Library Management. A significant part of the study focuses on the roles librarians lay in support of the research process, and the related expectations of researchers. Librarians believe their current role of providing expert advice and teaching on information literacy will continue to be important in the future.But while many researchers agree with this, libraries will need to ensure that effort is put into securing significant take-up of their expertise and advice by the research community. There are some significant differences between researchers' and librarians' views as to the future role of libraries in supporting research, and there is a need for dialogue teen them to ens ure that library services and expertise are developed and deployed in the most effective way. References: Veronica, A. Et. Al (2008).But the last decade has brought a sea-change in relationships between researchers and libraries. Technological developments and the availability of information resources online have changed how research is done, and also the services that academic libraries provide to their research communities. Both researchers and librarians have welcomed the benefits these changes have brought, adapting rapidly o them and seeking to exploit their potential to the full. And they both look forward to further change in the coming years.Figure 1 – Conceptual Framework of SMS Notification-Based Library Management with Biometric With the help of this system there are new features and process that a user will face in order to manage a Library in a fast and flexible way of working such as in borrowing books and in the process of getting information of the applicant f or registration purpose. Here, we developed LMS foALMShe sake of the user and the applicant in order to reduce the requirements that are manually brought. In Figure 1 above you'll see the new concept of borrowing and registering a mobile user in a private or a public library.This system is designed not Just in a one directed field of service the said system is developed to be a generic Library service. a) We'Ae chose to develop this system in order to make it more helpful and easy to use in a Library station whether it is a public or a private library usage. Here we've included a mobile user applicant in order to make his/her notified by the system automatically when the due date comes after borrowing books in the Library. b) In Bhere there can be no oubt tboutmuch of the literature in this area speculates on the future role oflibrbilberriese of which is particularly clear.Since 1995, or what TenopiTenor the â€Å"postweposted†, libraries have been seen as in danger of  "substitution†, HofmanHofmann. The web is becoming â€Å"a ubiquitous source of information† giving an â€Å"illusion ofdeptoptedomprehensiveness†, GriffiGriffith) that leads to a questioning of the valueovalueries and their collections. This review will not speculate on these future roles, butwilbobtail instead on the certainty of changing technology, increasingly digital nformaunpretentiousnessocietal shifts that have changed user expectations of library services.

Wal-Marts Vision Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wal-Marts Vision Statement - Essay Example The company’s main stakeholders are the shareholders, customers, and employees (Wal-mart, 2008). This report focuses on the backbone of the company the employees. The aim is to understand the current situation of the employees and whether the company’s vision is helping the employees achieve the objectives. Wal – Mart has wide operations spread across 14 markets, 7390 Wal – Mart stores. The company employees over 2 million associates. It is the largest employer in America. The company claims to give importance to the employee’s growth and careers. The company’s website claims to provide the employees with a competitive pay, skills development and health benefits for the employee and family. However, a recent article in Business Week highlighted the fact that the company has been paying employees about $8.23 per hour, or $13,861 a year. This pay is well below the federal poverty line of $14, 630 for a family of three. Other articles and studies have shown that the company pays employees a salary which is way below the poverty line and employees have confessed that they cannot live out of the pay received from Wal – Mart alone. The average hours worked by employees is around 40 hours a week. However the pay received is very low and for some of the employees, it is just enough to live out of a Dodge truck (Greenhouse, 2005). The employee’s goals, however, are very different. Employees benefit from a company that is making profits which in turn would mean the employees being paid higher salaries and bonuses. From the above discussion, it is clear that employees do not receive any extra benefits in spite of the company making profits. A study showed that even though employees were given hikes in salary they did not really benefit from the hikes. Wal – Mart has instituted a new payment method.  

How Germany's hospitality has changed during the olympics games in Essay

How Germany's hospitality has changed during the olympics games in 1936 compared to the WM in 2006 - Essay Example Further, the German committee show cased their construction as well as development plans pertaining how the city of Berlin would enhance the hosting of the games. Germany would also have all facilities of sports regulation for the competitions in entirety. While the IOC called in on other cities like Barcelona, in 1931, the German committee persistently made a follow up. They made sure that they had straightened all the nitty-gritty to heighten all the chances of their nation’s hosting the 1936 Olympics. For instance, they insisted on their eligibility since the 1916 chance had been cancelled. By the vote magnitude, Berlin surpassed Barcelona by 27 votes of the 59 votes cast. Therefore, the eleventh summer Olympics’ hosting right went to Berlin on May 13, 1931 subsequent to the IOC concluding a straw poll from the delegates present then. They later announced their verdict globally. By this award, IOC portrayed that Germany had a good reputation as regards the world community of nations. Later, Germany won another right where they would play host to the fourth winter Olympics of 1936 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. (Vercamer and Pipes, 2009) This is a study set out to discuss both the 1936 Olympic Games held in Germany and the 2006 Weltmeisterchaft (WM) games. Note that Weltmeisterchaft is German for world cup. These are going to be compared to each other and more specifically there will be a vivid answer to be provided to the study question. The study question is, â€Å"Which were the impacts of the 1936 Olympic games to the German hospitality to other countries compared to the 2006 world cup effects on the same?† The Olympic Games in Berlin held in the year 1936 ran in a flawless manner and there were no significant predicaments. The events of athletics as well as the ceremonies of medal awarding were coupled by a vast number of social and cultural events. The

Improving Transactional Processing in Accounting Information Systems Research Paper

Improving Transactional Processing in Accounting Information Systems - Research Paper Example Transaction is an instance of doing business of any kind and may include buying of stocks from a security market and consumable goods at from a retail shop. In all the instances, there is exchange of money for goods or services. During the transactions, the need to keep the record of transactions increases, in order to be able to monitor the performance of the business. Businesses have adopted several strategies of maintaining their records, preparing forms and reports for financial purposes such as tax among others (Mattessich, 1998). These records are a part of the entire Information System maintained by a business. For a business to remain in market there must be a well set out Information System that enables all the stakeholders to interact with, and benefit from the available information. These systems have further been adopted into accounting due to efficiency, in some cases due to integrity. There has been an upward development of how accounting is carried out since the dawn of civilization. These changes have been necessitated by the tremendous growth of business transactions. Sometimes, the changes have been as a result of complexities involved in these transactions (Mattessich, 1998). With the emergence of technology in the past years, business operations have been affected. This includes how transactions are handled and the parties that are involved. It is however important to note that although technology may be disadvantageous in some cases, its adoption has greatly improved operations of businesses in general and more benefits can be realized should technology be monitored effectively (CBS Library, 2011). From the old days of Mesopotamia, ancient people kept records of businesses using clay tablets where they inscribed details of transactions (Mattessich, 1998). The inefficiency of such record keeping has over the years, pushed people to develop new methods

World history and american history Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World history and american history - Assignment Example They emerged around 900 BCE. They had a long lasting culture in Peru, for about 100 years. They contributed artefact like the cast bronze artwork that spread around Peru. They used bronze for artwork and not for making weapons. The Chavan never lasted for a longer period as the Olmec (Rosenswig, Robert 167) The Operation was developed by the U.S government to transport the Vietnamese orphans out of the war-torn country. The first flight was to leave Saigon on 4th April 1974. During the last days of the war, the United States began boarding the Vietnamese children into the military transport. The aim was to let the children adopted by American, European, Canadian and Australian families. The first plane crashed and killed approximately 138 Vietnam children. Other children, transported by McDonald and other volunteers, succeeded to reach the destination safely (Wise, Phillip 223). The mechanics or logistics of the operation was by the airlifting of the children who were believed to be orphans. The process was through a seated cargo plane. Inside the plane, the children sat in small cardboard boxes lined with blankets (Wise, Phillip 251). The plane had caretakers with volunteers inside. Babylift operation was seen as the last desperate attempt to get sympathy for the war. As the war was towards its end, food became inadequate, and gasoline became very expensive as one moved towards the north. Therefore, the children’s lives were at risk. So they had to be taken to America so as to seek help. The outcome of the operation was successful to some level. The first plane that left Saigon crashed several minutes after its takeoff and killed 138 people, most of which included the children. Despite the crash, the operation managed to remove more than 3300 children out of Vietnam. It appeared that most of the children had families and were not orphans. The rumors were that most of the children’s parents got desperate to

How do you intend to use the skills and knowledge gained from the Essay

How do you intend to use the skills and knowledge gained from the Public Sector Leadership and Management Institute in your current position - Essay Example The public will thus get the avenue of expressing their concern and ventilating their grievances. Consequently, the local government will improve the quality of service in their jurisdiction. In addition, the implementation of a customer relationship management will ensure that there is attraction, retention, and getting back former customers to the organization. From the knowledge leant, one is able to implement a system which is customer friendly and that reduces resistance to change. Strong resistance forces that require basic knowledge on change management commonly meet the alteration of the status quo (Christensen & Per 25). There is thus need to ensure that the implementation is gradual and that majority if not all of the clients are involved in the process as learnt in change management. From the knowledge acquired, it will be easy to adopt simple procedures that reduce costs and increase response and satisfaction of customers. Moreover, the skills acquired through the training will assist in ensuring that the policies of the local government are strategic and future oriented. The feasibility skills and evaluation possibility will be applied in monitoring progress and detecting deviations so that corrective actions are pursued (Christensen & Per 25). In conclusion, the skills and knowledge obtained is instrumental in the general understanding of management process as well as the need to improve institutional performance. the knowledge and skills has to be applied after carefully evaluating the impact and earning the confidence of stakeholders. The process should be flexible to look at the diverse nature of interests of

Dominant Ideology in British News Broadcasting Essay

Dominant Ideology in British News Broadcasting - Essay Example The answer lies between the lines that bring out the news of the war in both Britain and the US. Steven was a victim of terror - no doubts about it. But his being American was just half the story. His murder is only an attempt by a pagan enemy to a nation of soldiers and newsmongers called the US, an attempt by the people to tell the world that these men did not report the brewing of the soup as much as they cry about the murderous soup called the war on terror being served on the platters of international diplomatic circles. It was not what the press said that lead to the murder of Steven, but what the press did not say that led to his killing. Or rather does the silence of the press intend to say more than they said in words. Do the gloomy looking news readers on channels in the UK say more than they could express in words Should that really have been the scenario Did that silence warrant the murder of a promising journalist Where do we go from here They are perceived as independent commentators by the people and in many cases - such as the Iraq war, their independence has turned out to be a spook rather than truth. Independent reporting is a thing of the pastor is at least as fictitious as Jack and his Bean Stalk. What is most obvious from these reports is that it has sidelined human rights largely in countries where western armies are operating. In most cases, the despots are simply terrorists that need to be done with and in certain countries, the despots are the best available choices and friends of these nations. Press in the west has made this mistake time and again. The recent examples are President Suharto of Indonesia and his mass murder venture in East Timor which was largely underplayed by the western media. This process went on for a substantial period of fifteen years.

Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Immigration - Essay Example Meanwhile, New York Times writer Alan Dershowitz commented that he actually favors a national ID card, for it will not only give citizens better protection and security especially from terrorism, but will also benefit illegal immigrants given that they will soon be given legal status by the government and be issued such IDs (Dershowitz n. p.). In this case, I personally think that the SB 1070 is unconstitutional and that it violates human rights, given that this law actually encourages racial profiling by the state police, given that they can actually search and arrest immigrants which they suspect not having the proper documents at hand. In addition, I also think that the proposed national ID card is actually harmful to immigrants, given that it will seriously impair every person’s right to privacy. Works Cited Dershowitz, Allan. â€Å"Why Fear National ID Cards?† www.nytimes.com. New York Times, 2001. Web. 26 April 2011.

Introduction to management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Introduction to management - Essay Example Information is crucial to managers, and because the value chain that links suppliers, Cadbury, its distributors and the customers is dependent on the system. All these crucial value chain issues are relevant to managers. Some of the managerial issues that influence the system the most include concerns for increase in efficiency in the form of trying to cut redundancies. The system is also aimed to provide a more efficient integration of the companys operations with the help of information technology that will result in substantial cost savings to the company. Over the years, Cadbury has gone through major changes. One of these changes include the integrated global IT system in 2002, where it has been implemented first in Australia. This change has not been effectively managed as unanticipated delays have occurred which has resulted in huge trouble to the company. The acquisition of Green and Black in 2005 has been well integrated in the companys operations, and the change is well-managed, as Cadbury has been able to adopt the Fair Trade practice of G&B. The effectiveness of the companys introduction of â€Å"Pathatrix†--a pathogen testing system in 2008, which aims to minimise the financial losses as well as the losses associated with its reputation is apparent in the companys higher revenues in the first half of 2009. The company has also undergone a restructuring of its legal team in order to reduce redundancy in 2008 as well as the closing down of one facility in Keynsham. The company has effectively managed these changes through good HR practices—systems of informal rewards and effective communications which have resulted in loyalty among employees. Because of the companys strong dedication to good HR practices, changes like these as well as its de-merger with Schweppes has not created a chaotic environment within the company, which

Neolithic development Essay Example for Free

Neolithic development Essay Neolithic development is characterized by the first agricultural revolution, when people moved from hunting gathering to agriculture and settlement. They developed tools for farming, pottery, spinning, and weaving. 2. The Hebrew is chosen by their God to go to the Promised Land. The Hebrew covenant with their god is characterized by the Ten Commandments that they have to follow throughout their lives. The Talmud is a set of discussions regarding Jewish laws, ethics, customs and history and is held important in Rabbinic Judaism. The Hebrews came to Palestine because some parts of it were defined as part of the Promised Land or Canaan. 3. It was Ahmose I who reunified Egypt in the 8th century by conquest and expulsion of the Hykos and reassertion of Egypt’s power over Nubia and Canaan. 4. It was the Sumerian people who invented taxation in order to make taxation easier. Sumerian scribes are record keepers, which are usually for the records of taxation. Mesopotamia was generally polytheistic, or the belief in many gods. These gods are the ones which provided them whatever they needed to survive. With the harsh environment of the Middle East, these people adapted laws that would punish offenders severely so as to avoid repetition of crimes. Egyptian and Mesopotamian religions differ with the gods they rule and the characteristics of these gods. 5. After Solomon’s death, the Hebrew state became separated, as the ten northern tribes revolted and successfully seceded to create their own kingdoms. 6. The Battle of Kadesh marked the first international peace treaty ever made, and it was between Egyptians and the Hittites. 7. Assyrians maintained political cohesion and military preparedness because they all followed only one rule, and that is of their King. 8. The Magi is a group of people from Media who were known for their religious and funerary practices of the people of ancient Persia. Zend-avesta refers to the interpretation of the Avesta or the primary collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism in the Avestan language. Zoroaster taught religion and philosophy, about the universe and the struggle between truths and lies. Ahriman is basically the demon in Zoroastrianism and Ahura Mazda is the god. Satraps are the governors of Median and Persian empires. 9. The weaknesses of the human condition can be overcome by not overindulging or by following a simple life. Attachment and craving can be ceased by following the eightfold path. Nirvana is the state of being of a person wherein he is free from suffering and the cycle of being reborn. Human beings, like all things are impermanent, and there is no constant self. Human existence can be associated with suffering. 10. Jains preach that by cultivating a person’s own personal wisdom and control, he can achieve spiritual development. According to the Bhagavad Gita, the human condition is temporary and can still transcend to a supreme being. Dharma is the duty of a person that he must fulfill. Upanishads teach about the universal spirit and the individual soul and how both asserts an identity in an individual. Here, ascetism is characterized by doing away with wants and desires and following a life away from human indulgence. 11. Zhou China boasted of an organized medical system wherein physicians have specialties. Zhou was different in the aspect of government because it became feudal. Mandate of heaven means that the rulers are legitimately blessed by the heavens, and if the heaven would be displeased, the mandate would be revoked. 12. Yao, Shun, and Yu are the holy and virtuous mythical rulers of China who divided it into its regions. According to Confucius, the family is the basic unit of the society. A just and peaceful society would be obtained if people follow the rules. Mutual obligation would only be evident in the family, of parent and child and of husband and wife. 13. Yin and yang are the two opposing forces in any phenomenon. They are at the same time complimentary, and this is the basis of the system of correspondence in the Chinese philosophy and study of science. Daoism teaches reverence for nature, as it is a way of life. Han Feizi taught Legalism, wherein the ruler should be the one that controls the state. This is based on the concepts of his position of power, certain techniques and laws. Sima quan is a scribe of emperor Wu who made detailed biographies of Royal affairs. Tang is known as the period of golden age for arts and literature, as they called for perfection in one’s skills if they ever wished to pass the examinations of the empire. 14. Geography affected the development of Greece because it is surrounded by other areas. This made Greece a melting pot of intellectuals though this made them vulnerable to the advances of invaders. Hoplites are the soldiers of Ancient Greek, while Polis is the city state itself. Agora on the other hand, is an open place of assembly for the Greeks. Women in Athens are revered and treated highly while women in Sparta are treated inferior to the males. Messenian helots were mistreated and humiliated, and a Spartan can do anything he desire without fear of punishment to a Messenian helot. Greek’s defeat of Persia boosted their confidence and has set forward to more conquests. 15. Sophists taught philosophy and rhetoric. Socrates taught using the Socratic Method wherein you have to ask a series of questions in order to learn. He taught politics, philosophy, ethics, and many more. Socrates was executed because of his pursuit of virtue and truth, and he has praised Sparta which is the rival of Athens. Women were given more importance in the public affairs in the Hellenistic society. Solon was the founding father of the Athenian polis. Greek drama originated from Greek tragedy, wherein performances were made in various festivities. Epicurus advocated for a life without pain and with the pursuit of pleasure. 16. Mystery religion restricted to those who underwent certain secret rites or process. Greek religion is highly based on what the current ruler believes in, and the people would just follow suit. Philip II unified Greek by conquering the lands and using a great destructive army to threaten enemies to submission. The consequence of Alexander’s conquest of Macedonia is that many people aspired for his power, and when he died, the empire was divided. 17. The Bactrian camel was important because it was the only means of travel that could withstand the long arduous trade route for the Chinese. Hans used advance technologies, like cast iron and steel. Han cities were advanced with efficient agriculture and iron industry. In order to solve the poverty among peasantry, some rich Han people were stripped of their land and was given to the peasants for them to work on. The Hans invent Hydraulic powered hammer for agriculture and iron sector and winnowing machine for agriculture. Emperor Wu expanded the Chinese territory, nearly doubling its size. Buddhism in these countries aimed to resolve the problems in a simpler way of life. Korean Buddhism made variations to it because of its inconsistencies. Shinto is a Japanese religion that was native of the country and was considered once as the state religion of Japan.

Solutions to Rising Healthcare Costs

Solutions to Rising Healthcare Costs Rising cost in health care its solution Contents Executive Summary Reasons for high cost in health care Solutions to the rising cost of health care Implementation of Universal Health care model The Beveridge Model The famous Bismark Model The National Health Insurance Model The Out-of-Pocket Model Procedure to implement Workplace Health Model Conclusion References Executive Summary Undoubtedly, health care costs has emerged as a severe issue these days, especially when the budget is appreciably high. The present financial situation of the world today reveals comparatively high cost in medical and health care. Day by day, the cost of insurance premiums and medical claims for employees is rising at an all-time high and is continuously following an upward trend. In such critical situation, business leaders are being called upon to make changes at workplaces and to implement models which can help in curbing rising costs. Many of them are turning to workplace health programs to help employees so that they can adopt healthier lifestyles. This also will help in lowering the risk of developing costly chronic diseases. A coordinated move toward the workplace’s health promotion results in a planned, prearranged, and comprehensive set of curriculum, policies, benefits, and ecological supports designed to meet the health and safety needs of all employees. Programs r elating to workplace health care tend to be more successful when both occupation and health is considered in the design and execution of the workplace. In fact, a mounting body of evidence indicates that workplace-based interventions that take coordinated,  planned and integrated approaches towards reducing health threats to workers both in and out of work are more effective than traditional isolated programs. (Prevention, 2013) (Figure 1: Health care expenditure) (Source: Forbes, 2013) Reasons for high cost in health care This decade has alarmingly witnessed an appreciable increment in health care costs. Whether it is ever-increasing health indemnity premiums, growing drug costs, or escalating hospital prices, it is an agreeable fact that these costs need to be constrained, or even lowered. For many years and in immeasurable articles, physicians have been the scapegoat for rising healthcare costs in thewhole world. On the other hand, it has been seen that something else is exposed by digging deeper into the key mechanism in healthcare spending as technology and know-how, various administrative expenses, hospital costs, lifestyle substitute and chronic disease conditions have all had superior impacts on rising overall healthcare costs than medical doctors. The bulk of medical payments go to hospitals and device manufactures. It has been suggested by critics that the incomes of physicians is directed by most spending of healthcare. Despite the fact, it is not necessary that the primary beneficiaries of health care spending are physicians. The medical procedure payment in bulk goes in hospitals and in manufacturing the devices. But this does not mean that majority of benefits are gained by physicians and they have caused a rise in the health care settings. This becomes an extremely wrong notion. The five main factors responsible for the increase in health care costs have been discussed below: Unnecessary Care in various occasions Out of many reasons, overuse and needless care, accounts one-third to one-half of all health care expenditure and this equals to hundreds of billions of dollars, in addition to the half-a-trillion spent per year. Preventable Harm to Patients This is one of most common problems of health care. The information is astounding. This is a surprising fact that early elective delivery harms both women and newborns. Children born at 37-39 finished week growth are at much elevated risk of death. They are also at a distant higher risk for evils like respiratory problems and right of entry to theNICU. Wastage of Billions of Dollars A report submitted by the Institute of Medicine  Health  suggests that a third or more of health expenditure are pointless. The cost of these pointless, injurious and early hours elective deliveries account to nearly $1 billion per year as was predicted in a study by the  American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Vicious inducement in how we pay for Care? By tradition, people pay providers for various health plans, Medicare and other Medicaid no matter what services they provide. This is regardless of whether the overhaul truly reimburses the patient or not, as the tremendous new book called The Incentive Cure points out. Deficient in Transparency There must be proper requirement for medical expenditure made. Transparency stimulates change like nothing else. Cases like early elective deliveries demonstrate that, despite of warnings over the years from medical societies and various organizations and highly appreciated national organizations, the rates of these deliveries have been going up for decades.(Forbes, 2013) Solutions to the rising cost of health care Cost in health care all over the world is rising at a rapid rate. The health care spending is increasing faster than the overall economy in US too. As per the National Health Expenditure Accounts data from 2008, it is shown that, people of US spend more than $2 trillion every year on health care which is 16.2 percent of gross domestic product. The amount spent per person comes out to be approximately equal to $7,681. Going up health care costs are inextricably linked to the enlargement in the number of uninsured, making it imperative that the subsequent step in health system improvement include efforts to address growing costs. The American Medical Association (AMA) has recognized four broad policies to maintain the health care expenses and get good benefits for the amount spend after health care: Diminish the burden of avertable disease Make health care delivery more efficient Diminish nonclinical health scheme costs that do not add to patient concern Uphold value-based administration at all levels Here is an elaborate discussion on the above four strategies: Diminish the burden of avertable disease The policy to diminish the risk factors for ailing and preventing the commencement of chronic diseases will definitely improve the patient’s fulfillment with medications and precautionary care recommendations. This policy will also encourage enhanced nutrition and physical movement with prevention in injury due to accidents and violence. This policy will also give enhancement in carrying out more public health campaigns. Formulate health care delivery more efficient The policy of formulating a better health care delivery is always needed to reduce the rising expenses in health care. This will not only improve coordination of care but will also help in reducing unnecessary use of services. This particular strategy is helpful in increasing use of services with optimistic return on investment i.e. in terms of future disease and cost. Here we can get increased accessibility of information on the usefulness of different treatments; advance management of chronic diseases. This will in turn reduce the medical errors and shift care to cost-effective sites of service. Diminish nonclinical health scheme costs that do not add to patient concern This particular strategy will help in eliminating unwarranted spending that does not make an addition to the value of patient concern, such as administrative expenses, profit making, etc. Uphold value-based administration at all levels. This successful strategy tends to improve the processes by which assessment are made so that both cost and benefit can be taken into consideration. Again particularly clinical outcomes are considered in this strategy. Both information and incentives are needed to be improved a lot for host of resolutions. Assessment can be increasingly incorporated into such assessments as physicians and patients decide among medicinal therapies, as insurers plan health chart features, and as legislators settle on budgets or authorization coverage of meticulous benefits. (Association, 2013) The ultimate solution to the ongoing rise in healthcare expenses cannot lie in shifting responsibilities, generating hostility among workers, and contracting the managerial screws on the system. Such solution must lie in dealing with healthcare in a truly fundamental way. Implementation of Universal Health care model Rising costs in Health care is definitely a serious problem. There is a need that every company in the world formulates some strategic and universal plan for appropriate healthcare treatment of its human resources. They must put into practice such plans, which will not only be advantageous to the employees, but also will help that organization to curb the large expenditure in health care. A sound deliberate plan sets the long-term course for a healthcare system in any organization. This will identify the key initiatives and define answerability for results. Various healthcare strategic planning solutions of various organizations in reality guarantee improved presentation through establishing: A fixed accountability for results by human being and date A trouble-free tool to use with which management can manage day-to-day outcomes There must be fast start for one to start on accomplishment of plans Arrangement and promise from all stakeholders An exclusive explanation specific to one’s capability and needs (System, 2005-2013) Health care is the economic black hole of every country. Legislation and rules can only go so far as setting up the system and paving way for new technology but can’t do a great deal on their own. For a genuine combat with health care’s cost challenges, the focal point must budge to disruptive business models as searching innovative ways of delivering accessible treatments at a much lower cost. While new business models are looked-for across the spectrum of healthcare, many impediments put off new ideas from captivating root. There are barriers, which possibly will stem from the fact that health care in various countries do not function like the free market. For example, customers rarely compensate directly for their own care, so there is modest incentive for making trade-offs such as preferring something cheaper that they can get in lesser cost. The regulatory atmosphere often does not allow reasonably priced solutions to make it to marketplace. Finally, there are inco mpatible incentives and hospitals want patients to get that operation, but insurance companies do not want such. (Eyring, 2012) As the expenditure of healthcare has risen, companies have tried to apply many cost-containment stratagems. However, all of which are likely to be only in part effective and only for a little while. More imperative, the new strategy make enemies, cause workers to be disbelieving of the company’s goodwill and intentions, subvert constructive attitudes on the part of the workforce, and harshly degrade the attitude and esprit of retirees with regard to the corporation. The contemporary approaches all amount to cutting benefits and variable costs. The most widespread practice is to push up the workers’ assistance while, at the identical time, reducing the obtainable benefits in the company’s insurance plan. If we take a corporate point of view, we can notice that implementation of a universal health care system is relatively easy and clear-cut. Corporations would make a permanent annual contribution to the national health care system as a percentage of the salary and wages of all workers. For example, it may be only as a talking point, 7.5 percentages of all salary and wages. (Coates, 2004) For implementation of a Universal Health care system, there are four basic models, which can be applied for an appropriate health care system within an organization. Countries all across the globe are following the map of complex legal, economic, and political landscapes to settle on the best path towards worldwide health coverage (UHC). Below we can illustratefour basic models for health care systems. The Beveridge Model In the Beveridge Model, the facility of health care is provided and financed by the government through tax expenditure, comparable to the public library. Many, but not all, hospitals and health centers are owned by the government and some doctors are employees under government, but there are also personal doctors who accumulate their fees from the government. These schemes tend to have low costs per capita, because the government, as the one and only payer, is in charge of what doctors can do and what they can charge. The countries, which are using the Beveridge Model or a variation include: Cuba Great Britain The famous Bismark Model Despite of being most popular in all around the various European countries, this system of providing health care would look comparatively recognizable to Americans. It uses an insurance system and here the insurers are called sickness funds. They are usually financed in cooperation by employers and employees through payroll deduction. Unlike the U.S. indemnity industry, though, Bismarck-type health insurance plans have to wrap everybody, and they do not make a profit. Doctors and hospitals tend to be personal in Bismarck countries. Although this is a multi-payer model and the country, Germany has about 240 different funds but this tight regulation gives government comparable cost-controls as single-payer Beveridge Models. Countries those are familiar in using the Bismarck Model or a variation comprise of; Germany France Belgium the Netherlands Japan Switzerland The National Health Insurance Model These systems have elements in combination of both Beveridge and Bismarck models. It uses private-sector providers, but imbursement comes from a government-run insurance plan that each citizen pays into. Since there is no need for advertising, no financial reason to deny claims and no profit, these universal insurance plans tend to be cheaper and much simpler managerially than American-style for-profit insurance. The single-payer is inclined to have substantial market power to consult for subordinate prices. The classic National Health Insurance system is found in Canada, but some recently industrialized countries like Taiwan and South Korea. These are some newly developed countries, which have also considered the NHI model. (Forward, 2011) The Out-of-Pocket Model Researches state that only some developed, industrialized countries, perhaps 40 of the world’s 200 countries in the world have established health care systems. Most of the countries on the planet are too deprived and too incompetent to provide any kind of mass health checkup facilities and proper medical care. The essential rule in such countries is that the rich get medical care but unfortunately, the people who cannot afford the cost, stay sick, or die. Almost hundreds of millions of people go past their whole lives without ever seeing a doctor in rural regions of Africa, India, China, and South America. They may have right of entry, although, to a village healer using home-brewed medication that may or not be of use against very disease. In the world under poverty, patients can from time to time scratch together enough money to pay a physician bill but if they cannot, then they pay it otherwise like they pay in potatoes or goat’s milk or child care or anything else they may have to provide. If they have nothing, they remain deprived of health checking facility. The above mentioned four models are moderately easy for Americans to understand because the Government and people of the country have all these elements in their fragmented national health care equipment’s (RESOURCES, 2010) (Figure 2: Health care systems) (Source: Resources, 2010) Countries in blue have some type of universal health care. Countries in green are currently attempting to implement some type of universal health care. Orange countries have universal health coverage provided by United States war funding. (Glow, 2007) Procedure to implement Workplace Health Model (Source: (Prevention, 2013) Any organization before implementation must look into the procedure to be followed for implementing an appropriate health care model. There may be four steps to follow: Step 1: Assessment A proper assessment process must be carried on relating to individual, organizational and community. For individual assessment on health risks and use of services needed to be taken. Current practices and infrastructure of the organization must be assessed. Step 2: Planning or Workplace Governance In the next step, planning and workplace governance needed to be considered. This starts with leadership support and management and continues with various workplace health improvement plans and dedicated resources. Step 3: Implementation In the third stage, there require proper implementation of various rules and regulations. There must be proper programs and policies with regard to various health benefits and environmental supports. Step 4: Evaluation After implementation of workplace health care model, evaluation on such polices must be taken. Evaluation is needed on workers’ productivity and health care costs. Management should look into whether implementation of health model helps in cost curbing or not. Assessment also needs to be taken on improved health outcomes and organizational changes (Glow, 2007) Conclusion We all are aware of rising cost of health care and thus, workplaces are suggested to implement such a health care plan that will not only prove to be beneficial to the employees but will also help in curbing the cost within the organization. For having a reasonable health care opportunity, an organization must take into consideration some ideas including of implementing an automated prior authorization program, having a therapeutic consultation programs, transformation of electronic health records and various health information in exchange of e-prescribing. Policies also can be taken on simplification in administration of home and community based services, taking proper information on pharmacy claims, proper review on payment methods etc. (Moeller, 2013) As evident from this report, there is a significant issue with regard to health disparities that exists in the countries. This issue leads to high costs in healthcare. Especially in between 2003 and 2006, it was estimated by Joint center for political and economic studies that health inequity costs that are either total direct or total indirect affect the minority populations (racially or ethnically inclusive of low wage and low productions) In order to achieve truly the costs of savings in the systems of healthcare, it is advised by experts to look at every factor that drives the costs of healthcare over the GDP, growth of population and inflation. Also, analysis of literature and data does not simply point out that physicians are the main cause of rising health care costs. The factors are several as discussed in the report with respect to life style of people and chronic status of individuals (Coates, 2004).

Binding of QNB and Atropine to Muscarinic Acetylcholine

Binding of QNB and Atropine to Muscarinic Acetylcholine Cholinergic relates to the responses in various systems to the neuro-transmitter molecule Acetycholine (ACh). They are the protein that are permanently attached to the biological membrane or the integral membrane protein (IMP). If the set of response is seen where Ach is a normal transmitter it is seen that they are grouped based on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) that respond to nicotine, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) that bind muscarine. These Nicotine and muscarine are extrinsic molecules that get the same response but with different sensitivity. Drugs that bind to muscarinic receptors are classified based on Agonists (which activate the neuronal receptor and produce a response) Antagonists (which do not activate the receptor and block the agonist binding site) Antagonists are now used to study the drug-receptor binding as they bind with a higher affinity (i.e lower dissociation constant kd) when compared with agonists Pharmacology studies have shown that antagonists have higher affinity but no efficacy to their cognate receptors. They intervene their effect by going and binding to the active site or to allosteric sites on the receptor. They can also go and bind to unique binding sites that do not participate in biological regulation of any receptor activity. The activity that antagonist causes may be reversible or irreversible, depending on the long life of the antagonist-receptor complex. Studies have shown that 3-Quinuclinidyl benzilate (QNB) is a potent muscarinic antagonist in CNS (central nervous system) and peripheral tissues. QNB shows specific binding to the receptor of interest it binds. It can also bind to other sites of the membrane and these can cause changes. We can measure specific binding by filtering radioactive 3H-QNB and then measuring the amount of QNB. To measure non-specific binding, Atropine is used to displace QNB from the specific sites, while the non-specifically bound QNB remains and can be quantified by measuring radioactivity. (Source: Yamamura et al. May 1974) Overview of the experiment QNB is carried out in a radioactive binding assay where the concentration of QNB that is specific bound without atropine and QNB that is non-specifically bound with atropine is measured over successive interval of time. It is allowed to incubate so as for binding site to reach saturation is allowed where the equilibrium is reached. After this any further increase incubation time does not cause the amount of QNB bound to change. This QNB bound to the membrane is measured. By calculating the incubation time, IC50 of atropine is measured by measuring the atropine at which 50% of bound QNB is displaced. Amount of free QNB when 50% of bound QNB is displaced is used to measure the dissociation constant (Kd). Materials and Methods Determination of QNB specific and non-specific binding Two bulk assays was carried out To measure QNB binding (in the presence of water) To measure non specific binding (with the presence of atropine) There were two conical flask taken A and B. Tube A was added with 30 ml of 1.3 nM 3H-QNB and 6ml water. And to the flask B flask B, 30 ml 3H-QNB and 6ml atropine was added. S filter tower is then set with 6 GF/C filters and 4.0 ml of rat membrane was added to each flask and the flask were swirled to mix well. 2ml aliquots from A flask (A1, A2, A3) and (B1, B2, B3) from the B flask were produced and were run through fresh GF/C filters. Each of the filters was then washed to remove mini-vials, and then 5 ml scintillant was added and was left for at least an hour. After a hour the radioactivity was counted in the scintilliant counter. This protocol was repeated for a couple of more time to produce triplicates at the time interval of 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min. Determination of IC50 for atropine Five glass test tubes having 1200 ÃŽÂ ¼l of distilled water in each was taken. To the test tube 1, 300 ÃŽÂ ¼l of 10 10 ÃŽÂ ¼M atropine was added and was mixed well. 300 ÃŽÂ ¼l of the solution was added to tube 2 and mixed well. The same method is carried out for a series of dilutions to be done in tube 3 to 5. Atropine concentration in each tube is calculated. Seven triplicate tubes (A1, A2, A3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦G1, G2, G3) are made each containing 1500 ÃŽÂ ¼l of 1.3nM QNB assay and the tubes are mixed well. 300 ÃŽÂ ¼l of 10 ÃŽÂ ¼M atropine was added to the three tubes of A and three B tubes were added with 300 ÃŽÂ ¼l of solution from tube 1. The dilution process was carried out for tubes C, D, E, F from tube 2, tube 3, tube 4 and tube 5 respectively. To tubes G, 300 ÃŽÂ ¼l of distilled water was added instead. 200 ÃŽÂ ¼l membrane was then added quickly to all the tubes. The 21 tubes were then left for incubation for 45 min and the radioactivity was then measured. Determination of concentration of protein using Lowry Assay Test tubes were prepared that contained 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 ÃŽÂ ¼g BSA (Bovine serum albumin) made up to 1 ml with water. A 6th tube was taken that had 50 ÃŽÂ ¼l of membrane that was made up to 1ml with water. 1.5ml of reagent 1 that contains 0.5 ml copper tartrate + 50ml alkaline carbonate was added and mixed well and let to stand for 10 min at room temperature. Then 0.3 ml of reagent 2 that contains Commercial Folin-Ciocalteau reagent was added to the tubes and mixed well. The tubes were then left for incubation for 30 min. Absorbance or optical density was read at 660nm. Determination of kd for QNB Eight test tube was taken, four containing low QNB concentration (1.3nM QNB mix) and four tubes containing high QNB concentration (6.5nM QNB mix). Tubes 1 to 4 were added with 7.50 ml, 2.50 ml, 5 ml and 3.2 ml of 6.5 nM QNB mix respectively. Lower concentration of QNB is made by diluting the standard QNB assay mix with NaKP solution. These tubes are labelled 1-8. The solution of tube 1-8, of about 1500 ÃŽÂ ¼l each was added to the triplicate tubes (A1, A2, A3, H1, H2, H3) respectively. Solution of tube 1 is added to tubes A, Tube 2 to B tubes till tube 8 to tubes H. 300 ÃŽÂ ¼l water + 200 ÃŽÂ ¼l membrane was then added to all tubes. For tubes A4-H4, 300 ÃŽÂ ¼l Atropine plus (Tube 1-8) respectively plus 200 ÃŽÂ ¼l membranes was added. Radioactivity was measured in all tube. A lowry assay was also carried out. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Here in the graph the values are plotted for QNB bound with atropine (with as show in the graph), QNB bound without atropine (Without as shown in the graph) and Corrected vales are obtained by subtracting QNB bound with atropine from the QNB bound without atropine (corrected as shown in the graph ) against time. Here QNB bound without atropine is total amount of QNB bound to the receptor; QNB bound with atropine is the Non-specific binding of QNB to the receptor and corrected is the specific binding of QNB to the receptor. After a particular time of incubation receptors reach equilibrium, where no more binding of QNB takes place to the binding sites. At this point when no more binding of QNB takes place the plateau is formed in the graph showing saturation. This incubation time is approximately 45 min as shown by the graph reaching the plateau. The graph shows us that with and corrected points of the graph forms a plateau after reaching incubation time of approximately 45 min. If an addition incubation time was taken after 60 min we would have got a plateau for without graph also showing us a plateau. The graph shows that the cmp value increase over time after which when reaching a particular time no more binding occurs thus forming a plateau showing the saturation or equilibrium has reached. Small decline in the graph can be seen at time 30 to 45 min, this could have been due to experimental errors. The errors could have been caused during pipetting, in proper vacuum, formation of bubbles, adding samples properly between time intervals etc. This can be avoided by more careful handling of the instrument and doing a initial check up for errors so as to not cause changes in the experiments result. Taking the above data into consideration we have chosen 45 min as incubation time for determining IC50 of atropine. This is because, saturation of binding sites is achieved and no further unbinding of QNB also occurs, as the off-rate or reaction constant of QNB unbinding is very low. So there is no further change in the amount of bound QNB and hence this incubation time is considered appropriate. By serial dilution different concentration of atropine was prepared. The graph shows us that the amount to QNB bound to the receptor of the membrane reduces with increase in concentration. This happens because atropine is a competitive binder and binds competitively with specific sites to the receptor. The amount of QNB specifically bound will be inversely proportional with atropine concentration. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)  is a measure of how effective a compound is in inhibiting biological or biochemical function. This is a quantitative measure that let us know how much concentration of the drug or biological substance (inhibitor) is required to inhibit a given biological process by half. So we are calculating the IC50 of atropine to determine its potency. It is calculated by taking atropine concentration at which 50% QNB is displaced. The IC 50 value was found to be 0.0008912 ÃŽÂ ¼M. This shows that atropine is a drug with good potency. Ic 50 does not directly discuss the binding constant so we cannot compare the binding affinity of QNB and receptor. Lowarys assay Lowrys assay was carried out for determining the concentration of membrane protein. First different concentration of BSA was used and we generated a graph for it, taking concentration and OD. The membrane protein was then checked for absorbance and was found to be 0.322. Using the linear regression equation and the absorbance, concentration of the membrane protein was found to be 0.803 mg/ml. This test was done for another membrane protein sample. The absorbance of the membrane was 0.27. Again using the regression equation and the absorbance, concentration of the membrane protein was found to be 0.293529412 mg/ml. Determination of Kd: Kd is -1/m and was the equation was used is y = -8499.6x 1.3669. the kd is used to define the affinity between the drug and the protein . the value of Bmax was 0.001161 nm.

Computer Crime :: essays research papers fc

Computer Crime Problems with Format Billions of dollars in losses have already been discovered. Billions more have gone undetected. Trillions will be stolen, most without detection, by the emerging master criminal of the twenty-first century--the computer crime offender. Worst of all, anyone who is computer literate can become a computer criminal. He or she is everyman, everywoman, or even everychild. The crime itself will often be virtual in nature--sometimes recorded, more often not--occurring only on the Internet, with the only record being electronic impulses. Before discussing Internet crimes, we can expect to see in the years ahead, let's look at the good news: The most-dreaded types of offenses--crimes such as murder, rape, assault, robbery, burglary, and vehicle theft--will be brought under control in the years ahead by a combination of technology and proactive community policing. Creation of the cashless society, for example, will eliminate most of the rewards for robbers and muggers, while computer-controlled smart houses and cars will thwart burglars and auto thieves. Implanted bodily function monitors and chemical drips (such as "sober-up" drugs and synthesized hormones) will keep most of the sexually and physically violent offenders under control. But computer criminals--ranging in age from preteen to senior citizen--will have ample opportunities to violate citizens' rights for fun and profit, and stopping them will require much more effort. Currently, we have only primitive knowledge about these lawbreakers: Typically, they are seen only as nuisances or even admired as innovators or computer whizzes. But increasingly, the "hacker" is being replaced by the menacing "cracker"--an individual or member of a group intent on using the Internet for illegal profit or terrorism. Access to the Internet has begun to expand geometrically, and technology is making the Internet even more friendly and affordable for millions of users. But foolproof protective systems can probably never be develope d, although some high-tech entrepreneurs are certainly trying. Even if a totally secure system could ever be developed, it would likely disrupt the free flow of information--an unacceptable intrusion to most users. In fact, it is the ease of access that is driving this rapidly expanding field of crime. What are the major computer crimes being committed, how, and by whom? More importantly, where is computer crime headed in the twenty-first century? Let's look at five crime categories: communications, government, business, stalking, and virtual crimes. COMMUNICATIONS CRIMES Already, cellular theft and phone fraud have become major crimes.

The Philosophy of Medicine :: Epistemology

The Philosophy of Medicine Philosophy of Medicine? In Arthur Caplan's 1992 paper entitled "Does The Philosophy of Medicine Exist?" he argues that if a philosophy of medicine existed it would be concerned with epistemological or metaphysical questions. Caplan states "The goal of the philosophy of medicine is epistemological" (71). Caplan adds "the goal of the inquiry is to understand what those in medicine think they know and why they think they know it" (71). In conversation with Professor Caplan he has recently stated that he still holds the conclusion of his paper: namely, that a philosophy of medicine does not currently exist.[1] It will be my general aim to look at the discussion that takes place in some of the analysis of the medical field with a focus on epistemology. Specifically it will be my intention to distinguish in some of the topical literature if the questions raised are rightly epistemological yet or in need of some clarification. I accept Professor Caplan's stipulative definition that states that a field "must be well-integrated with other cognate inquiries and disciplines, have an established canon of key books, textbooks, anthologies and articles, and a set of distinctive and defining problems" (67). Epistemology meets all of these requirements. In attempts to assist medicine, authors from various quarters have offered analyses but confused what is and is not rightly epistemology. This confusion in turn blurs the distinction between philosophy in medicine and philosophy of medicine.[2] The resulting cloudiness may be an obstacle in the way of the development of the philosophy of medicine. I believe the importance of merely recognizing whether we are asking questions about the thinkers or about that which may not be the thinker is a particularly relevant foundation to philosophy of medicine. In line with an element of Professor Caplan's definition of the philosophy of medicine (69), I will attempt to explicate the key concepts in philosophy in medicine of 'uncertainty' and 'underdetermination.' Epistemology Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with theories of knowledge. Its study focuses around the nature, scope, and basis of knowledge, and the reliability of claims to knowledge. Epistemology must often take up debates over where and how knowledge is obtained, and the role of reason.[3] The tools of epistemologists consist of, but are not limited to, truth-bearers, truth-makers, truth-conditions, sentences, propositions, beliefs, criteria, justification, foundations, certainty, determination, coherence, usefulness,and correspondence. All these terms carry different weight and notions within individual epistemological theories, and need not be fully unpacked to serve their purpose in this investigation.

Borders and Walls in Humanity :: History Barriers Society Philosophy Essays

Borders and Walls in Humanity When a wall is encountered literally and physically, there are many different ways in which a person can react to the situation. One group of people would generally just find a way over or around the obstacle. While some other people might pursue a way directly through the wall. Both have their advantages and disadvantages, but they both exist as outcomes to the same dilemma. The basic wall has been around with humans for as long as the discovery of masonry has been around. Robert Frost’s poem Mending Wall is one such example of how a wall can have conflicting properties of human interaction. The neighbor in the poem says that â€Å"fences make good neighbors† and that the two neighbors involved with the wall rebuild it each spring and they enjoy fixing the wall with each other. The poem just helps illustrate that walls are an important factor in human activities. Walls are not limited to any specific culture or region and still they continue to be built over t ime. Yet the general application of the wall has been used primarily to either wall something out, or to keep something walled in. The earliest walls were made with a human skill called stone masonry which is the skilled stacking of stones to form a cohesive structure. Walls as just a singular structure and not to be considered as part of an enclosed building with a roof, is a general subject that changes details from area to area. Walls the keep things in have generally been used as a way to border up local activities within a certain amount of space. Some more obvious examples of walls as barriers to keep things within the walls include; prisons, walled-in private communities, farm fences, and other examples where people want to maintain their own private space. Walls that can do the exact opposite of keeping substance inside are meant to be obstructions that keep other things outside from a space. National and private borders are an example of walling out unwanted factors . Security fences, walls as defensive locations, and walls simply placed for the sole purpose of obstruction are effective obstacles that humans have been building for centuries. Early building materials for a wall would be limited to the natural resources in the local area that the builders would want to build the wall in.

Prejudice and Stereotypes in 12 Angry Men Essay

Stereotypes use generalisations to characterise people, and 10th juror is particularly prone to stereotyping the defendant based on socio-economic background. He regularly makes generalised statements about ‘those people’ (p. 6), without ever justifying his opinions with concrete details. Examples include: .I’m tellin’ you they let the kids run wild up there’ (p. 6). . ‘†¦ You’re not going to tell us that we’re supposed to believe that kid, knowing what he is. Listen, I’ve lived among ’em all my life. You can’t believe a word they say. I mean, they’re born liars. ‘ (P. 8) .The kids who crawl outa those places are real trash. I don’t want any part of them, I’m telling you (p. 12) . ‘Let’s talk facts. These people are born to lie’ †¦ ‘I’ve known some who were OK, but that’s the exception’ (pp. 51-52) . ‘They’re violent, they’re vicious, they’re ignorant, and they will cut us up’ (p. 53) The one instance where 10th juror uses details is when he argues ‘his type, they’re multiplying five times as fast as we are. That’s the statistic. ‘ (P. 53). Yet he only uses this statistic to ground his own fears: ‘They’re against us, they hate us, they want to destroy us †¦ If we don’t smack them down whenever we can, then they are gonna own us. They’re gonna breed us out of existence. ‘ (P. 53). 10th juror is not the only one guilty of such generalisation and stereotyping. For example, 4th states: The boy †¦ He’s a product of a filthy neighbourhood and a broken home †¦ Slums are breeding grounds for criminals. I know it. So do you. It’s no secret. Children from slum backgrounds are potential menaces to society. (P. 12). Similarly, 3rd juror muses: .. sometimes I think we’d be better off if we took these tough kids and slapped ’em down before they make trouble, you know? Save us a lot of time and money. (P. 3) Neither 4th nor 3rd jurors make reference to specific details of the defendant’s situation, but rather rely on generalised stereotypes which support their own prejudices against ‘those people’. In fact, 8th is the only juror to carefully review specific details from the case rather than resorting to general class stereotypes. He notes: †¦ This boy’s been kicked around all his life. You know – living in a slum, his mother dead since he was nine. He spent a year and a half in an orphanage while his father served a jail term for forgery (p. 8). This lists specific facts and variables about the boy’s upbringing, rather than distilling him into a non-specific member of a socio-economic group. Similarly, in 8th juror’s speech on page 23,he lists specific details of the victim’s rough existence – his gambling, his convictions, his employment history. This can be contrasted with 10th juror’s simplistic and prejudiced attitude: ‘listen, we know the father was a bum’ (p.24). This contrast between these two attitudes is that 8th juror is attempting to form his opinions based on the specific factors affecting the defendant and the victim, and trying to focus on the human beings in the case at hand. 10th juror is content to convict the defendant based on stereotypes and generalised tendencies of others in similar situations. Once again, by aligning the less simplistic attitude with 8th juror, Twelve Angry Men endorses compassion and condemns prejudice and stereotyping.

Case Study: Coke India

Please read it conservatively and weigh the important of the information as you quiz to advise Coke Indians death chair, Sansei Guppy. Organizing your wall newspaper publisher use these steps to complete your paper. The requirements hold a number of worksheets designed to foster you write a great case. The worksheets should be attached to the end of the case. Worksheets The case ends on page 13 (before the extra and living material) with a series of finales that Coke India President Sansei Guppy needs to contain.First, putting yourself in President Septas shoes, identify the key ends that he needs to make and make a list. What basic choices are possible? set apart it to your completed paper. Next, create a stakeholders analysis Identifying the parties who have an Interest In this case. mea authorized out whether you need to add or take off from this list. Attach it to your completed paper. (See How to Construct a Stakeholder Analysis) Case Analysis go steady your end list and analyze your decision options from an ethical standpoint.Keep the stakeholders In mind. Apply each(prenominal) of the three perspectives for making an ethical decision featured In the Decked chapter and the class readings utileism, advance minimization, and universalism. You are free to harbor extra decision-making models from the Decked chapter. Indicate what each of the three perspectives you would contract as the ethical course of legal action and why. Utilitarian Analysis Following the instruction manual provided in the handout How to construct a utilitarian stakeholder analysis. Please make sure you use the lists of stakeholders and decisions to check your work to make sure you are thorough. Attach the utilitarian analysis to your completed paper. Support your logical thinking by using any of the catch readings, from honesty and integrity to corporate fond responsibility ideas from Friedman, Stout and Ma (as irruption to be useful. When in doubt, Just pick up at the course calendar Decisions and Conclusions Clearly allude final decision(s) that you would make, and the degree to which each decision is consistent with each ethical perspective.Be as detailed in possible in describing the decision(s) you would make and/or the action(s) you would take. If one or more of the perspectives disagrees with your decision, indicate why you do not choose to follow the focussing of that perspective(s). State what is wrong with the perspective for you, each in the context of the decision, ND/or simply for you as the decision maker. Again, bet on up your reasoning dont Just assure your opinion or hope I willing guess what you are referring to try using the PAP citation method, much(prenominal) as (Friedman, p. 9) Length Approximately 4-6 double-space pages, 12-point font and I-inch margins. It will be catchy to present an analysis of sufficient information in less than 4 pages. The upload link allows for you to upload your essay as an atta chment. Please do not bowdlerise and paste it into the Submission part of the form. Your tier up will be based on the Analysis Paper Rubric provided with the drift Expectations and the Course Calendar. In short analytical rigor perspicacity and complexity in analysis using class readings. To substantiate good grade on this paper (I. . , A or B), you need to apply the ethical perspectives (I. E. , utilitarianism, profit minimization, universalism) in depth. This will require a thorough apprehension of the ethical perspectives. If after reviewing the assigned readings (especially the Decked chapter) you do not feel you possess this depth of understanding, you should contact me so that we can go over the ethical perspectives to enhance your understanding. Proofreading and piece of music spelling, grammar, sentence construction as sound as clarity, and cohesion.

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

The introduction is the starting point of your dissertation. The reason why the introduction for a dissertation is the clinical most difficult part of the paper is that its main goal is to make a reader interested in the whole subject you have been researching. What is more, you need to prove why your research matters wired and what you have managed to achieve in regards to the subject under consideration.Common dissertation introduction writing problemsAs soon as you get down to writing, you will most definitely come across a couple of problematic issues.Define the matter A crafty few ideas which may help you craft an effective and intriguing introduction is to keep it short and arrange.In addition, some students come up with introductions that look like they what are formula-written. Therefore, such pieces of writing lack both enthusiasm and a sense of commitment.Main parts of the introductionscope;current scientific situation;motivation;theoretical and practical relevance of t he research;brief brief description of the research design;objective of the study;problem statement;dissertation outline.You need to begin with stating the motive for your research.The introduction should also indicate that the only way your bit of study will cause the comprehension of the subject.

In order to demonstrate the theoretical little relevance of your research, use various arguments and cite scientific articles. Then, you need to explain the practical particular relevance of your research study. Showing its practical benefit is usually easier than dwelling upon its theoretical relevance, as you can provide lots of examples to illustrate your point. Do not forget to mention the practical successful outcome of your research for the whole field or industry.An introduction is merely among the elements of a dissertation.It is also vital to dwell upon the current scientific situation regarding your research topic. What you are required to do is present a few scientific articles that deal with similar issues or ones that how are related to your subject of study. Briefly explain the gist and the main message of those articles. The reason what why this aspect is so important is that it demonstrates that there is a lot of theoretical information on the issue, which only means you will not get stuck while working on it.Simply pick the subject which best matches apply your field of research to find a introduction illustration in that topic.

Try to summarize the gist of each chapter in one sentence. In case it is not quite possible, you can expand the summary of the chapters to one paragraph. Keep in mind that the brief outline should not be repetitively phrased. Most people work on their dissertation introductions after the whole paper is written.Our doctoral dissertation debut writing will assist you in lots of ways.Make sure you write to the point. Do not repeat yourself. Present useful information to the reader. Here is a checklist of points check your dissertation introduction should consist of:the research topic is limited;the practical relevance is explained;the topic is stimulating;current scientific situation in the field is demonstrated;the objective is stated;the serious problem statement is formulated;the research design is presented;the dissertation outline is added.It is possible to begin looking into their site unpublished dissertation writing services and to verify their merchandise.

This way, you will be able to organize your thoughts and submit a piece of writing in which all vital different points are showcased. Offer the reader some background regarding the subject you are dealing with. Clarify what the focus of check your study is. Do not forget that you will also need to explain why check your research study is significant as well and what its value for the field or heavy industry is.Question and the dissertation subject ought to be focused that youre in a position to collect the critical information within a comparatively short time-frame, typically around six weeks for undergraduate programmes.You need to show check your target audience a clear picture of what they are about to receive once they familiarize themselves with the subject of your scientific research study in detail. In other words, the expectations of the readers should be met as soon as they start reading your introduction.Taking into consideration the fact that your target readers are many members of a dissertation committee, what you need to do is to get to the point legal right away. They are looking for a preview of your dissertation, and are willing to learn more about the objective and relevance of your study in general.The only means to attain a constant second argument throughout a bit of composing is by creating some type of map or plan of.

Do not forget to define the public key terms of your dissertation. If it is a rather broad notion, make sure you explain what it means in the context of your own research study. It will give readers a better understanding of check your goals and the methods you used in order to achieve the desired result (Cassuto).The introduction to the unpublished dissertation is one of the most significant parts of such a piece of writing, because this is the first impression the reader gets when they start reading your document.The decisions that are tactical ought to be contingent on the new further insight supplied by your research findings.Taking everything into account, writing an introduction for a dissertation is a whole complex and time-consuming assignment. It is essential to come up with an introduction that is interesting strong enough to readers that they want to find out more. Follow the steps highlighted in this article and you will be able to write an impressive dissertation g eneral introduction that will consist of all the relevant aspects the members of a dissertation committee pay so much much attention to. Make sure each part of your dissertation introduction is formulated in an informative and coherent manner.Its not good enough to collate the study results accomplished by men and women.

Aim to leave a all clear comprehension of debate or the primary discovery to the reader your research have progressed.From learning doing the research into writing a in depth account of it, moving isnt always straightforward.The simplest way to theoretical construct a dissertation is inside-out.If possible, start looking for fellow-student or a buddy with whom you may rate swap at the place dissertations to get proof-reading.

Amazon: the Brink of Bankruptcy

Since its internalization in 1994, amazons transaction present had spread out from pass a innocent net dough securities industry for books to providing wind vane serve to online retailers, entrepot solutions and a dramatically expand point of intersection line. Nevertheless(prenominal)(prenominal), notwithstanding monolithic gross gross revenue the ac beau monde failed to pose a profit for stock founderers and virago was on the b straddle of unsuccessful person at the setoff of 2001. If I were a shareholder who veritable the smart sets 2000 categorybook report, I would fuck off potently concur with chief executive officer Jeff Bezos that the connection moldiness compass positivity by closing 2001.I would fancy that the participation run this by pillowcase cost link to fulfilment and register and by change magnitude tax revenue by capitalizing on the previous(prenominal) divisions investments in infrastructure. duration more expenditures i n 2000 were link up to amazons efforts to hold its dodge for product, in op agetion(p) be had withal affix. viragos fulfillment be were 11 portion of sales in 1997 and 1998, ballooned to 14 share in 1999, and however increased to 15 percent in 2000.Beca uptake e-Commerce was fluid revolutionary and and branch to uphold node trust, its captious that these cost be reduced without blackballly impacting quality, hotfoot of saving or guest service. Because of viragos pear-shaped eggshell and repeatable processes, I would exhort a constant utility outline more than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as tip cardinal Sigma. approximately radical(prenominal) field of study of available currency drainage is stock fetching. aft(prenominal) adding twofold juvenile intersection lines and statistical distribution centers in 2000, pedigree forethought became a altercate for virago. In 1999, breed disorder was 20% that of foe Barnes and appalli ng and contributed to negative hard currency bunk in 2000.virago would be well assured to use IT technology such as an ripe(p) ERP to mitigate enumerate the scroll required to satiate submit without overstocking. In assenting to virulent costs, amazon essential increase revenue. bandage it may be tantalising to kick up the caller-up in all kick some of its less moneymaking products and internationalist endeavors, I theorize this would be short advice. many a(prenominal) of these areas bring forth that been true and hold potency for afterlife profits in the commove of the early(prenominal) years investment. Instead, I propose virago focus on their efforts to supplement existent infrastructure.For less useful verticals such as consumer electronics and lieu and garden, the go with should chuck the Toys r Us modelling and teammate with established, brick and mortar organizations that stick out pull ahead by exploiting amazons business lead er to wrap up broad(prenominal) volumes plot trim back their risks of taking trading operations online. In return, these companies advise amazon a constancy that separate online retailers of the dot com era lack. It would be tiny that virago use these recommendations instantly in order to break down compriseing in 2001. amazon. om must take the stand to smother passageway and investors that it is undetermined of genemilitary rating a profit. by means of 2000, much of amazons growth was funded by investors and the debt market. The surround generated by the dot com force and Amazons plummeting impute rating lead significantly marches glide path to new capital. Since the company go away close to certainly create to slur into existent money militia in the first-year posterior of 2001 to pay suppliers for 2000 Q4 inventory among other obligations, Amazon must vex replenishing coin militia finished its operations in the attached quadruple quarte rs.

Can Data Reduce Health Inequalities Health And Social Care Essay

health Inequalities is a burgeoning theater of look into that has addicted transmutation off to numerous inquiries and arguments around definitions of pisss, analytic schemes, recitation of findings, and ex excogitateatory speculative accounts. 1 The domain of a swear bulge out health institution defines health inequalities as the disputes in health office staff or in the dispersal of health determiners amidst s incessantlyal(predicate) reality groups . These determiners harmonizing to W.H.O argon the conditions in which introduce atomic number 18 born, address, populate, play and age, including the health t headk .What is entropy?Harmonizing to Webster s lexicon data is exis cardinalt ponder ( as measurings or statistics ) employ as a undercoat for concluding, treatment, or computation. data is in general of two references i.e. qualitative and respectd. soft education is the type of breedings that is non aban dod quantita tively. accordingly it s base on mountain s panorama and picks.Quantitative randomnesss on the opposite constituent hand is rigorously establish on numeric set and is subdivided into resolve ( nookycelicular numerical set ) and a incessant ( each numerical value ) tuition. entropy & A wellness InequalitiesThe customs duty of selective learnings records for wellness of commonwealth is cypher wise the earlier check into of a inherent population was do by H al angiotensin converting enzymeey, who, by utilizing randomnesss for the capital of Breslau, Germ whatever, for 1687 to 1691, measured the entail look ante yesteryear at birth. 2 except it was Aaron Antonovsky, a medical examination sociologist, who initiatory devolve manifest shaft of light on the dissimilitude in fatality regulate pass judgment in 1967, which at long come through suggestion to the in prefer of infos to acquiesce wellness inequalities management of inequalit ies by justlys off is d iodin extensively to administrate revisal and to mensurate the indexs of wellness inequalities among the contrary strata of either part. With either liberation class the utilization of trainings to c ar and book wellness inequalities has extend to a enormouser extent(prenominal)(prenominal) and more than(prenominal) of signification.Harmonizing to the 2007 closure of The bill and curtilage experience lucre ( MEKN ) of the WHO mission on societal determiners of wellness, wait on on the societal determiners of wellness to bump boilersuit wellness results and subjugate trim charge wellness unfairnesss testament be more more legal if sensonical infos brasss be in light upographical raze, nation in on the wholey and foundation-widely, and in that location ar mechanisms to stock-purchase war farthestgonrant that the selective instructions push aside be dumb and utilise to fracture more strong intercessio ns. 3 The breaker point to cotton up in this firmness of shoot for is that nurtures should be dumb right and implement affectively for it to do effectual intercessions. So the enquiry is does in on the whole(a) this tranquil informations undersurface be the atomic number 61 primer coat for registration and push mountain drink wellness inequalities? The uncomplicated reception would be that inhering informations itself screwing non shoot whatsoever distortation thus far so the finales that ar interpreted later onwards tr tear a shit that informations be the psyche agents of variety.Management of informations infos in itself is similarly a solicitation of inseparable Numberss or characters. The information unruffled has to be born-again into feasible information in rig for it to be usable. hither the examination arises what the difference is amid informations and information? Beynon-Davies practice the construct of a fix to sepa rate between informations and information. selective informations ar symbols objet dart information occurs when symbols be use to describe to several(prenominal)thing. 4 It is masses and calculation machines who suck informations and exe cut oute forms on it. These forms be shoot the breezen as information which corporation utilize to turn out learning. 5 gum olibanum scholarship is the assemblage of information that is stored or memorized with the map of doing it utile.For whatever intuition to go utile it m former(a)iness be laughingstockvass and interpreted. The purpose of mind the light that we tolerate and utilizing it to compound re sweeteneded cognition is c bothed soul . The disquietude is born-again into wisdom when we cultivate our inseparable prominent male individualality of devotion and moralss. thus with the helper of choker and the energy to insert right from monstrous the information is at long last converted into wisdom.This variation of sterncel informations into wisdom is c tout ensembleed the Data-Information-K at presentledge-Wisdom hierarchy. ( fig 1 increment ) some opposite(a)wise method acting by which information is man venerable is the easy informations watchfulness troll ( trope 2 concomitant ) . In this cycle per second method the pile up information is analyze and synthesized and is so nonionised and stored into a information base. This database so function insurance indemnity shapers to remind as they confine appropriate.By the suss out of informations style it betokens that the object do at the close of the purpose is what determines how effectively information has been use and whether information has been triple-crown in conveyance nigh a diversity. This finish doing appendage gouge be influenced by ambiguity, prejudice, hope for absolutely-cuts, resources in stock(predicate) and deficit of attending. all(prenominal) sacrific e during the informations touch rhythm brush off anyway encumber cast out somebodyal effects on the finale devise.Data itself has more restrictions. It depends upon lawfulness if informations is non absolute it young-bearing(prenominal) genital organ deadening a confinement rather of helping it. Data should in any case be take outside call down in all prise i.e. it should proviso all evaluate properties. The consistency of information is too ar officerary i.e. informations should be in synchronise crossways the end some measures informations is ace scarcely is unfaithful and inconsistent. Data should to a fault be auditable i.e. it rotter be traced posterior to its counterbalance and rotter be sustain for genuineness. Last, the around of effect facet of informations theatrical role is it timeliness. Datas should be fresh and up to sidereal day of the calendar month so the locomote and legal reachs interpreted in receipt to the infor mations be appropriate.Ex huges of Data inspection in h senior health InequalitiesIf we find the exemplar of a ontogenesis tertiary creative activity re earthly concern wish well Pakistan, so it seems as if informations freighter non assist cut down or expurgate anything. present the interrogatory arises that wherefore should we eve subject the simile of a underdevelop call down that is choke to dominate in avowing inequalities? The prime for this is that Pakistan, vertex though existence a silly aver, lounge close tos ample financess for its health make out undertakings by conferrer administrations and another(prenominal)(a) flush body politics. The world-wide administrations much(prenominal) as WHO some admonisher the statistics of transition in the wellness of the population of the terra firma. So, with copious financess and charge from inter home(a) administrations the outcome should register an procession in the wellness of the po pulation, neverthe modest in Pakistan s warrant where h white-haired victory has been achieved at that place has to a fault been trial, which proves that the veritable(a)(a) check everyplace statistics of WHO argon non ken for accomplishing winner. This unwinnerful person of allwheresight nominate non be goddam wholly upon the garner statistics tho at that place is a intricate process associated with it that plays an of import function in assisting the information be effectual.The corking anterior poliomyelitis annihilation driving forceIn Pakistan the biggest exemplification of the victor of informations and so its resultant failure is the study immature palsy annihilation glut. Launched in 1994, 15 old ages later the erratic shake up-up-and-go against immature palsy, the immature palsy stock started with an purpose to to the near annihilate the malady by the parvenue ampere-second. eve after the century arrived and a decenna ry turn by, Pakistan has been ineffectual to deliver through and through its shout of realised obliteration of the disorder by 2010. The take in suffered from the many an(prenominal) diversifyations in g everywherenment activity everyplace clip. When it was launched, the travel was provide by a media attack of under resisting visualises and ads on tele visual sense set and in nakedspapers. This cause the slimy, unstudied multitudes to get down pass judgment and verbalise the g all overning to let them to immunise their kids. The account of affirm cases of immature palsy base on ague mild paralyse watchfulness informations from across the bow declined from 1155 dismantlets in 1997 to 28 in 2005 6 the low of all time preserve in genius twelvemonth ( digit 3, auxiliary ) . A genuinely irritable across the nation describing outline was strengthened up to imprimatur the spotting of all pillowing childish palsy pillow slips. The syste m captures all kids aged less than 15 old ages with acute attack piano paralysis, and implicates attendant look for science investigate lab exam of flowerpot specimens. 6 The success was short lived as from 2007 the watch of exemplifications came to a stand all the same, and on that point was an addition in skeletal frame of inform instances from small territories and invokes where spotless unsusceptibility was achieved ( common fig 4, addition ) . In Punjab e.g. on that point were no report instances in 2007 so far in 2008 more than 8 instances were inform. The biggest snarf to the ferment is payable(p) to the on-going war on alarm in Pakistan. In 2008, 2009 and every bit late as February 2010 the instances describe were all from the federally Administered tribal Areas ( FATA ) where the great deal argon passing despicable and undereducated and the following(a) province of N.W.F.P. ii new-made instances were describe in the past calenda r week twain from labor union westward term order ( NWFP ) , impartation the entire figure of instances for 2010 to ten 7 . The nearly new-made instance had incursion of palsy on 27 February and that overly was describe in the N.W.F.P. The understructure elements in these countries hold suffer started a corrupt eat against the babyile paralysis thrust and give up warned the throng to transfer micturate from immunizing their kids. This includes comprehend of the immature paralysis onslaught leaners and warnings of dread effects to the mickle of the part. 8 The young date of the depicted object Database and modification ascendency ( NADRA ) in Pakistan to protect kids against infantile paralysis has met with great success. The NADRA new waves were winning in publish ID separate to far flung countries and as a go away of the success the government activity entrusted them with the responsibly of providing vaccines to unconnected countries. pointly many as 20,000 kids were vaccinate as a here and now blockadeely the NADRA police squad was restrained goalless in em turn backking to the N.W.F.P and FATA part.The migration of Afghani nomads into the countries of FATA & A N.W.F.P is other free-base for failure. brusk sanitation and smutty weewee tote up in the country parts of the res publica substructure similarly be the grime for the failure, as this causes profligacy which in fold reduces the immerse up of the vaccinum in kids. 9 On top of these hurdlings the convey is withal impair by depravation including thieving of financess and vaccinums. 10 The content help intentThe national help plan in Pakistan is ace simile of integrity of informations and how any alteration plunder be hindered if the information is falsified. Pakistan s federal official Ministry of health formal recognize acquired immune deficiency syndrome manoeuvre architectural plan ( NACP ) in 1986-87. The s tate has legitimate over 2.9 zillion rupees as support. In its primeval phases, the platform focussed on laboratory analyse of surmise human immunodeficiency virus instances, notwithstanding increasingly it began to switch its central point towards human immunodeficiency virus bar and operate intercessions. The increment of subject strategic Frame do work-one in 2001 provided strategic vision to the national reception and governance of Pakistan with support from domain curse launched an enhance reception in the variety of heighten human immunodeficiency virus and assist see to it Programme. 11 human immunodeficiency virus was firstly account in Pakistan in 1987 with the upkeep dirty kin transfusions. 12 The old-timer beargonrs of the virus were non occupier workers chiefly functional in the disconnectedness part who were deported back to Pakistan in the excite of their diagnosing. 13 The blanket(a) raise irruption anyways occurred in 2004 amo ng the shot medicine users ( IDUs ) in outback(a) ravage township of Larkana. between 2003 and 2004 the rate of human immunodeficiency virus in IDUs jumped from 0.4 % to an diswhitethorn 7.6 % . epidemiological surveies extradite shown that out of the 100, 00 IDUs vivification on the streets, virtually 21 % ar septic with human immunodeficiency virus virus. 11 These IDUs do non flub in the medicines save for the recognise b arly alternatively be of the highly ugly and flush ramification of the ordination who atomic number 18 easy and as a issue acquire drug users to get away from their problems. Lahore is the second nigh obtusely colonised urban center in Pakistan with over 3000 IDUs of which 4 % suffer human immunodeficiency virus infection. Faisalabad is the third close densely settled metropolis with over 8000 IDUs of which 13 % meet human immunodeficiency virus. The most grand particular is that surveies ask prep ar that close to 50 % th ese IDUs are trip outually mobile with their marital womans. To do personal matters plane worse muckle of the wed womans of IDUs work as cocottes. 14 some other demographic composite with the pass out of human immunodeficiency virus are the fe young-begetting(prenominal) and male put forward workers. in that respect are true(p) know whorehouses in the metropolitan metropoliss of the state with up to 100, 000 pi keep mumate call forth workers ( FSW ) in Karachi and 75, 000 in Lahore. The governance positive structures enter that human immunodeficiency virus preponderance among FSW is 0.02 % 11 which is challenge by autarkical thorough structures who produce that it is just round 15 % . research has shown that these FSW affirm no information or so rubbers or other bar methods. little than half(a) the FSWs in Lahore and intimately a one-fourth in Karachi had utilise rubber with their last regular client. In Karachi, one in five gender workers frei ghter non accredit a rubber, and three-fourthss do non be intimate that condoms stay human immunodeficiency virus ( in incident, one deuce-ace have never comprehend of help. ( UNIADS update 2005 ) The other demographics for the unsoundness include closeted homophile work forces and Transvestites moonlighting as conjure up workers which are estimated to be just approximately 30 % of the split of transmittance. thorax ingest female person parents are some other demographic that constitutes well-nigh 3 % of the behavior of transmittal of the virus. The clenched fist instance of menu of human immunodeficiency virus via bureau eating was describe in 1994 in Rawalpindi. disregardless of all this data the most violent fact is the refutal and use of the informations by the subject field aid control plan who have estimated that thither are about 3,000 instances of human immunodeficiency virus in Pakistan since 1986. If we correspond these estimates to the fearsome 70-80, 000 instances reported by the UN assist, we clear see that the governance enterprises are a frontage. This estimation is surprise plug to follow in nimble performance by the governance except that is non the instance. In world the government is to the lowest full point raise in turn toing the issue of assist as a world in Pakistan. This whitethorn be due to the fact that the state is a blimpish Moslem state and even now issues the wants of HIV & A aid are considered as tabu. In the undereducated and hapless folksy celestial sphere the affection is still considered as a filth even though there hazardous and closeted sex activity intention in these countries. The semipolitical use devising in this issue seems to be influenced by the delicateness of the issue. The policy shapers are besides limit by the refining of the state and they faecal matter non openly promote unhurt sex convenings as this may be unsufferable to the nation and the po licy shapers do non lust to be seen as also large-minded by the orthodox vote population.In the clear shaft of light of all this the terra firma edge in declination of 2009 ref employ to move on gillyflower the AIDS plan in the state.DecisionThe supra lessons show that informations itself sight still make so much. dumfounding and amazing figures may causal agency person to call up about the reflect and take some sort of serve alone the magnitude of that action is st postg-out upon the apprehension, cultivation and last decision of that individual. In the instance of the infantile paralysis cognisance run the higher up representative shows that informations squeeze out be used to an service in doing public variety their beliefs and judge alteration. precisely on the other handwriting informations mass be useless, even if it is necessarying striking, if no action is taken upon it i.e. in the instance of the AIDS run. If the Pakistani regimen wants it can alter the lieu of concourse towards natural rubber sex pattern via an awareness run moreover they choose to stay deaf person on the issue. policy shapers can utilize informations to their vantage by utilizing the figures and getting the masses to entrust about the job. withal the domain can utilize informations to demand a alteration from the political science. non merely determination devising solely other societal factors besides stand in the style of a complete or any success. Purportedly, If the exemplar of a tertiary universe state is deemed incommensurate by person so we can ever take the illustration of Britain where there are forwards methods of informations care and a abundant make sense of research and capital is creation used to control wellness inequalities alone a late(a) authorities study showed that the evaluate of indexs like livelihood farsightedness for adult females and infant mortality are still unchanged. This has prompted the wellness minster put over Primarolo to eventually acknowledge, in station with our statement, that wellness inequalities are catchy to alter .Appendix design 1 DIKW HierarchyFig 2 inspection CycleFig 3 graph 1 ( lessening of infantile paralysis over the old ages )Fig 4 graphical record 2 ( decay and revival of infantile paralysis in little territories of Pakistan )