The Effects Of Dyslexia On Children And Adults - 1229 Words

Dyslexia was first diagnosed in 1896: since then there have been many new developments in its diagnosis and treatment (French, 2013). Dyslexia is a learning disability that affects reading, writing, and spelling in children and adults. Depending on the individual the diagnosis of dyslexia can be mild or severe (French, 2013). The following word â€Å"cat†, is a simple word to read, however a dyslexic would read it â€Å" Tac, act, tca, atc†. Now that was not as easy as reading it as a person with no dyslexic disorder. Oftentimes, dyslexics confuse the letters of a word, and they are turned around or jumbled up because they look too similar. Dyslexic Individuals have to put more energy and effort into reading and are more easily distracted than the average person. When a person has dyslexia, his/her brain takes longer to make connections, and he/she has trouble matching the letters on the page with the sounds the letters make. Christian Boer, a graduate of the Utrecht A rt Academy, created a new font to make reading easier for people, like himself, who have dyslexia. Dyslexia wasn’t always known as dyslexia. The word â€Å"Dyslexia† in today’s world describes the learning disorder that more than 17% of the human populations are diagnosed with, but it wasn’t always referred to this way. Adolph Kussmaul, a German neurologist noticed that most of his patients could not read regularly and used many words in the wrong order. He then used the term â€Å"word blindness† to describe what his patientsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Dyslexia in Pediatrics1121 Words   |  5 PagesDyslexia is a learning disability that affects reading, writing, spelling, and sometimes speaking in children. Dyslexia is known as one of the common disabilities in children. Dyslexia can be mild or severe, every child diagnosed with dyslexia is different in some ways. Treatment for dyslexia should be introduced as early as possible for best results, however, it is never too late for improvement. (Bucciarell Rais, 2008) Dyslexia can be inherited through a person’s family or it can be causedRead MoreA Child Is Having A Problem Reading Even After Lots Of1617 Words   |  7 PagesThe child may have a reading problem called dyslexia. Having dyslexia does not mean that a child will never read, but it does mean that this child will learn to read in a different way than most children of the same age. â€Å"While dyslexia can make reading more difficult, almost all individuals with dyslexia can learn to read.† (International Dyslexia Association website) Most people take reading for granted, but that is not so for a child that has dyslexia because reading may be hard to nearly impossibleRead MoreDyslexi A Common Condition That Affects The Way The Brain Processes985 Words   |  4 PagesDyslexia Explained Lampkin (2015) describes Dyslexia as a common condition that affects the way the brain processes written and spoken language. However, Handler and Fierson (2011), go a bit deeper and define it as a receptive language-based learning disability that is characterized by difficulties with decoding, fluent word recognition, rapid automatic naming, and/or reading-comprehension skills. In short, Dyslexia is a complex reading disability that many children and adults suffer from. CharacteristicsRead MoreMorphological Use as an Indicator of Reading Disability Essays1493 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Children with reading disabilities differ from children that read typically in their use of morphological forms. This view has been supported by multiple studies that review the relationship between reading and morphology (Carlisle, J., Stone, C. 2005; Nagy, W., Berninger, V., Abbott, R. 2006; Reed, D. 2008; Kuo, L. Anderson, R. 2006). Morphology has been linked to reading ability, as has phonology, for many years. Traditionally reading ability, or disability, is detected byRead MoreDyslexi A Learning Disability Characterized By Difficulty1650 Words   |  7 PagesDyslexia is a learning disability characterized by difficulty in reading fluently, as well as comprehending what is read, even in the absence of any other disabilities and with a normal IQ. There are several categories in which individuals with dyslexia may have trouble, such as language skills, phonological decoding and awareness, verbal comprehension, rapid naming, processing, and auditory short-term memory. One fa ctor that stands out with dyslexia and one that causes a lot of controversy isRead MoreTaking a Look at Developmental Dyslexia1442 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopmental dyslexia is known to affect 10% of children in all social groups (Dyslexia Research Trust, 2004). This language processing disorder leads Habib (2000) to explain it can be defined as a precise impairment in reading skills, unaccountable by overall intelligence and learning prospects. Thus, development of reading falls behind other educational developments (p. 2374). During the past few years considerable amounts of research has taken place to try and understand what the causes are forRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Reading Books708 Words   |  3 Pagessuffer or struggle from sort of reading disability. A few have trouble processing the words in the book or paper. Students may suffer from common reading or writing disability like dyslexia or ADHD. In the United States nearly 3 million people suffer from dyslexia. Dyslex ia is not only for children but adults as well. Dyslexia is not being able to process words or letter during reading. ADHD is not being able to focus on the current task which happens to numerous young writers. Growing up as a kid I struggleRead More Learning Disabilities Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pagesrealize is that the child might have a learning disability. But how are these children being helped? There are many programs, special schools and facilities, home teaching methods and many other ways in which children with Learning Disabilities are being helped. There are many different types of learning disabilities; the most common ones are dyslexia and attention deficit disorder. (Jerome Rosner. –third ed. 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dyslexia is a disorder in which someone has difficulty reading, which is not causedRead MoreTexas Dyslexia Reform: Implementing a Policy in Its Infancy Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents with dyslexia in 1985, continues to set the standard when it comes to dyslexia education reform (T. Flanders, personal communication, August 30, 2011). Until recently, little consideration was made in the use of assistive technology (AT) for students with mild disabilities, specifically in the field of dyslexia education and intervention (Edyburn, 2006, p. 18). With the passing of Senate Bill 866, concerning the implementation of classroom technology plans for students with dyslexia, the pursuitRead MoreThe Effects Of Dyslexia On Children With Dyslexia3439 Words   |  14 Pagesto read, or to learn to read, would be able to, right? With Dyslexia, that is not the case. Dyslexia is described as the difficulty to comprehend language through reading and writing, despite a no rmal level of intelligence. Dyslexia is not only the most common learning disability, but is also highly recognized. There are three proposed distinctions within dyslexia that includes auditory, visual, and attentional. Understanding dyslexia would help the educational community as long as the medical community

Strategy Making for Management and Economic Research-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theStrategy Making for Management and Economic Research. Answer: Introduction Established in 1943 by Kamprad, IKEA has lived to pursue many strategies throughout its history to attain its current top position in the market. The Company has maintained a structured value and a distinct purpose in both employees, customer relationships and business achievements (Cooper, 2015). This essay has discussed the competitive and business-level strategies employed by IKEA throughout its history that has made it competitive and how it can improve its strategy making in future using Mintzbergs theory. Henry Mintzberg in 1979 identified five essential components of an organization- operating core, strategic apex, middle line, support staff and the technostructure (Prasetyo Lo, 2016). The strategic apex is at the top of the organization and is responsible for ensuring that the organizations mission is upheld, while the middle line consists of a group of managers who work to convert the broad objectives of strategic apex into operational plans. As an organization becomes bigger, a group called the technostructure is developed to perform specialized roles like quality control. The organization also develops the support staff to help the technostructure in administrative functions like public relations. The final component is the operating core consisting of people who handle basic tasks of production or service offering. In its early stages in 1943, IKEA operated as a small mail order business with only an operating core headed by Kamprad who handled different operations of the firm. Five years later, the company enlarged and started selling furniture. The company also employed different top-level managers to occupy its strategic apex. During Anders Moberg's era, IKEA adopted a low-cost strategy as its dominant competitive approach. Anders who was the CEO developed simple operational tactics of understanding the needs of the clients and then fulfilling them (Chen, Zhang, Yang, 2013). He spearheaded the relocation of the company to Denmark to save Swedish taxation and redefined the companys relationship with its suppliers by using one supplier to offer a variety of materials. The company continued to make different furniture brands using unique materials from its suppliers. It also adopted product differentiation creating a need to develop and improve its technostructure. IKEAs technostructure is comprised of group analysts responsible for redefining its furniture designs to make them more appealing to the customers. Also, the company has maintained a group of motivated middle-level managers responsible for ensuring that the technostructure and other employees, work towards achieving the goals of the firm (Prasetyo Lo, 2016). For instance, the company has maintained a marketing concept that we do our part" by concentrating on our part by developing valuable consumer products using inexpensive materials in a novel way. The middle-level managers at IKEA have been dedicated to ensuring that all employees maintain this concept through proper supervision of roles. As IKEA developed further, it adopted an international expansion strategy by developing its stores in other countries. In all these stores, the company has employed dedicated middle line managers, support staffs and operational cores responsible for loading and unloading furniture and doing other duties in the stores. Furthermore, IKEA split into three distinct groups in 1996, comprising of retailing activities, a firm holding the trademarks and franchise and another one in the finance and banking (Bogomyagkov Machulskyi, 2012). This unique structure enabled the company to obtain a unique influence on its governance and operate efficiently while preserving both egalitarian culture and profitability. The primary aspiration of every firm is to remain at the top of the market through proper strategy making. For IKEA to improve its strategy making in future, it should maintain a competent, creative and organized strategic apex, by employing innovative and qualified CEOs and other top-level managers. This is because the top level management is responsible for formulating, implementing and evaluating strategic business missions. Furthermore, Mintzberg suggested ten roles of a manager which can be grouped into three- interpersonal, informational and decisional roles (Prasetyo Lo, 2016). Only a competent strategic apex can conduct these roles. The company should also ensure that the middle-level managers are committed to supervising the strategic implementation process, the technostructure is composed of dedicated employees who conduct accurate strategic analysis, the support staff is committed to their roles, and the operating core is dedicated to their duties to ensure strategies are successfully implemented. In a nutshell, IKEA, a company which only started as a mail-order business has grown over time to become a global furniture dealer. This growth has been necessitated by its accurate strategies like low cost, product differentiation, and international expansion. For the company to improve its strategy making in future, it must actively maintain the five components of its structure as explained in this essay. References Bogomyagkov, Y., Machulskyi, I. (2012). Corporate and business level strategies at MNEs: A managerial Practice View. Jonkoping International Business School, 1-3. Retrieved April 28, 2018, from https://www.diva-portal.se/smash/get/diva2:563234/FULLTEXT01.pdf Chen, X., Zhang, J., Yang, L. (2013). The Future of IKEA- Watch your expansion steps. 1-37. Retrieved April 28, 2018, from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:639868/fulltext01.pdf Cooper, H. M. (2015). IKEA hacking: A case study on design, marketing, and branding strategies. 1-110. Prasetyo, A. H., Lo, W. (2016). Towards Strategic Mix 5P. International Journal of Business Management and Economic Research(IJBMER), 7(3), 654-661. Retrieved April 28, 2018, from https://www.ijbmer.com/docs/volumes/vol7issue3/ijbmer2016070304.pdf

Effect of Gunpowder on the Mongolian Invasion of the Europe before 1850

Introduction Gunpowder is probably one of the most renowned inventions that originated from China. It was invented early in the third century or during the late days of the Han Dynasty (Buchanan, 2006, p.123). During this period, no one knew that gunpowder could be of great importance in the battlefield.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Effect of Gunpowder on the Mongolian Invasion of the Europe before 1850 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, the various dynasties that regularly went into war did not use gunpowder as one of their weapons. The Mongols invasion that led to the ouster of the Sung dynasty saw the use of gunpowder in war fields for the first time. The Chinese used gunpowder-propelled weapons against the Mongols, but they could not overcome the Mongols since they had a strong army. The Mongols borrowed the art of using gunpowder to make their weapons from the Chinese and later applied it in fig hting the Chinese (Rossabi, 2012, pp.79-87). One of the factors that led to the success of gunpowder usage among the Mongols touches on the fear that weapons made of gunpowder instilled on the enemies. Gunpowder facilitated in the development of more devastating weapons like flaming arrows, gunpowder canisters, and cannons. All these weapons caused immense damage thus instilling fear in the victims, which forced a majority of the victims to surrender to their adversaries. The Mongols used this advantage to surmount all their enemies in Europe and other areas. This paper will focus on a brief history of gunpowder and the Mongolian invasion before exploring the effects of gunpowder on the Mongolian invasion of the Europe before 1850. History of Gunpowder The invention of gunpowder marked the beginning of gun production. The development of gunpowder runs back to the Chinese alchemy. In addition, it is widely classified as one of the four great innovations made by the Chinese (Cocroft, 2000, p.246). Gunpowder emerged as early as the 9th Century during the Tang Dynasty. Nevertheless, many people did not know about the substance until the 13th century during the Mongolian invasion. It was manufactured from carbon, potassium nitrate, and sulfur. During the 14th century, people began to use gunpowder in production of weapons. Nonetheless, they could hardly manufacture superior weapons using gunpowder until the 15th century when firearms surfaced (Gray, et al., 1982, pp. 3385-3400). Initially, gunpowder was used in the engineering and mining industries. Before the discovery of gunpowder, engineers laid down their railways in line with contours of the terrain. It was hard for engineers to cut across a hill since they were not capable of blasting rocks.Advertising Looking for term paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, the discovery of gunpowder made it possible for railway constructors to bu ild tunnels on high grounds, thus reducing the distance that railway line could cover. For instance, in constructing the Great Western Railway that runs between Bristol and London, engineers used a lot of gunpowder to develop the box tunnel. After the discovery of gunpowder in China, it did not take long before the substance reached other countries. The Mongolian invasion in Europe opened a way for gunpowder to reach Europe (DeVries, 1998, pp. 127-145). Moreover, after the Mongolian attack, William of Rubruck, who worked as an ambassador for the Mongols, contributed to the introduction of gunpowder in Europe. He was a great friend of Roger Bacon and in the process of their interaction; he shared with him the idea on how to manufacture gunpowder leading to its development in Europe. With time, the Europeans started manufacturing gunpowder and even developing guns. The Mongolian Invasion The Mongols invaded Hungary with the assistance of three armies. One of the armies attacked from P oland. The second army attacked through Transylvania, while the third army attacked via Verecke Pass ensuring that it cleared everything it came cross during the invasion (Duiker Spielvogel, 2008, pp.167-185). In 1223, the Mongolian army invaded the Cumans who decided to flee to Hungary on sensing defeat. Their move to Hungary convinced the Mongols that the King of Hungary was threatening to control their subjects, and thus to stop this threat, the Mongols had to wage war against Hungary. They attacked Hungary at a time when it was experiencing political unrest (Chambers, 2002, p.183). The King’s support of the Cumans led to some of the noble people in Hungary rebelling against the king. The arriving Cumans entered into a conflict with the Hungarians leading to riots in the country. The riot led to the murder of the Cuman’s leader, thus forcing the Cumans to move south. No one believed that the Mongols’ attack posed a threat to Hungary. On March 15, the Mongols front line walked into Pest and started looting and destroying the place. Nevertheless, King Bà ©la did not take the attack seriously and warned his soldiers against retaliation. Duke Frederick went ahead and invaded a minor army comprising of the Mongols.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Effect of Gunpowder on the Mongolian Invasion of the Europe before 1850 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More His victory made the Hungarians to view their king as coward. After the victory, the archbishop of Kalocsa decided to face the Mongols in a battlefield, but was defeated and killed (May, 2011, p.69). In the end, the King decided to fight the Mongols, which led to their retreat. The retreat confirmed the Hungarian opinion that the Mongols were not a major threat to their kingdom. After a series of confrontation with the Mongols, the Hungarian soldiers together with their king reached river Sajo, where they decided to ta ke a rest. They were not aware of the trap laid against them by the Mongols. The wooded terrain made it hard for the Hungarian soldiers to notice that there were more Mongolian soldiers awaiting them ahead. They planed to attack the Hungarians as they crossed the river. However, one of their captives escaped and informed the Hungarians about their motive thus sabotaging the plan. Finally, the Mongols decided to cross the river and attack the Hungarians and this is where the Hungarian soldiers managed to catch up with them as they crossed the river thus defeating them (May, 2011, p.73). The victory at the bridge misled the Hungarians into celebrate long before the battle was over. The Mongols regrouped and came up with new attacking methods. The frustration from the Hungarian King made it hard for the Hungarian soldiers to organize themselves thus giving the Mongols a chance to cross the river and stage a major attack. The Hungarians had the numbers and were in a position to overcome the Mongols. Nevertheless, the weapons that the Mongols used in their attack were a shocker to the Hungarians. The Mongols used gunpowder to come up flaming arrows. The shocked Hungarians soldiers could not defend themselves leading to most of them dying in the hands of the Mongolian soldiers. Most of the Hungarian civilians fled to mountains and other areas where the Mongols could not reach them. The remaining Hungarian soldiers kept engaging the Mongols in guerrilla attacks, but were unable to surmount them. As the Mongols were preparing to expand their territory in Europe, they received a message of the demise of the Great Khan Ogedei forcing them to retreat to their land, which brought heralded the end of the Mongolian invasion in Europe (Saunders, 1971, p. 215).Advertising Looking for term paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Effects of Gunpowder on Mongolian Invasion One of factors that led to the Mongolians waging war against Europe is that some of the European countries like Hungary agreed to host the Cumans and Kipchaks as they fled from the Mongolian attacks in Russia. The two groups were nomadic like the Mongols (May, 2011, p.81). Consequently, the Mongolian ruler believed that they were his subjects and were supposed to submit to his leadership only. Therefore, to ensure that he regained his subjects and perhaps teach Hungary a lesson, Subedei hatched a plan to attack Hungary. He came up with two groups of soldiers where one group was to attack Poland while the other one proceeded to Hungary. In March 1241, the Mongolian troops proceeded to Hungary, but later withdrew from attacking the Hungarians. This move duped the Hungarians into thinking that the Mongolians were afraid of them. Therefore, they dismissed the assistance of the Kipchaks and Cumans who were experienced in war. Meanwhile, the othe r group proceeded to Poland where it attacked the country causing immense damage. During this invasion, gunpowder played a significant role. It reinforced the fighting capacity of the Mongolian soldiers. The Poland’s army comprised of armored knights. Nevertheless, they could hardly withstand the wrath of the Mongolian soldiers who had guns and other weapons propelled using gunpowder. Gunpowder made it possible for the Mongolians to attack and destroy the Poland soldiers from a distance. It was possible for the Mongolians to send gunpowder-propelled shells to the Poland soldiers, which left most of them dead and others maimed. Another effect of gunpowder in the Mongolian invasion of Europe is that it facilitated in destroying and annihilating all the major cities in the region (Khan, 1981, pp. 146-164). The ancient troops used the scotched earth technique as one of the ways to surmount their enemies. The soldiers ensured that they burnt down everything they came across as the y pursued their enemies. The technique aimed at ensuring that their enemies did not get any material support or access hiding places. By burning everything, the victims had no alternative but to surrender to their rivals or move away from their land leaving it in the hands of their enemies. The Mongols used gunpowder to burn down all the European cities they came across leaving their inhabitants with nowhere to hide. It would have been hard to burn down the cities without something explosive, and thus gunpowder acted as the best alternative for this intention thus helping the Mongols execute their intentions with limited challenges. The Mongols ensured that they gutted down all the towns and cities they came across during their European invasion. This move left the Europeans with nothing to rely on thus rendering them incapacitated. During war, most armies depend on their cities for supply of barely everything ranging from food to military support. Besides, some cities act as forts through which soldiers accost their enemies (Khan, 1996, pp. 41–45). Annihilation of such cities leaves the soldiers with nothing to use as their barrier. Moreover, it makes the soldiers weak due to lack of food supply. The Mongols used their long-time experience coupled with gunpowder to incapacitate their enemies in Europe. As gunpowder is explosive, they applied it in burning all the cities that offered support to the European soldiers. In some of the cities, it was hard for the Mongols to create their way without the help of gunpowder. In some of the European cities, residents had established huge walls that acted as their protective armor during wars. It was hard for the Mongols to get over these walls without coming up with a way of bringing them down (Pacey, 1997, p.137). Therefore, gunpowder played a significant role in helping the Mongols demolish these walls, eventually making their way into the cities. Besides, gunpowder helped the Mongols to strengthen their caval ry. Before the discovery of gunpowder, dynasties depended on heavy cavalry during wars. The introduction of gunpowder led to the infantry and cavalry becoming some of the major fighting forces for the Mongols and other fighting blocks (Ling, 1947, pp.160-178). The Mongols managed to establish a light cavalry, which had the benefits of mobility and speed. With this cavalry, the Mongols could now attack their adversaries at swift speed giving them no time to regroup themselves and stage a meaningful opposition. The Mongols used light cavalry to attack Poland. The discovery of gunpowder made all these conquests possible. The cavalry rode on horseback and used crude weapons like spears with explosives tied at their tips. Besides, the invention of gunpowder led to the establishment of novel fighting tactics dubbed caracole, which comprised of orthodox cavalry that used firearms and carbines to fight. Without gunpowder, it would have been hard for the Mongols to overcome the European sold iers at the Battle of Mohi. The European soldiers used plate armor, which was designed in a way that it was hard for sharp objects like spears to penetrate it. Prior to the discovery of gunpowder, most of the soldiers used sharp objects like spears during the war. Hence, the warriors had come up with armors to help in mitigating the impacts of spears during war (Roux, 2003, pp.214-227). However, the invention of gunpowder forced the European soldiers to work on their plate armors. They designed the armors in a way that soldiers could withstand pistol or harquebus balls. It meant that for any troop to surmount the European forces, it had to have superior weapons. The invention of gunpowder helped the Mongols to come up with superior firearms, which could penetrate the plate armor. Without these guns, it would have been hard for the Mongols to advance their conquest cross the Europe. European soldiers had already borrowed the idea of gun production from China and had come up with stro ng plate armor. The Mongolians took advantage of gunpowder to instill fear on their subjects throughout their invasion in Europe. They not only used the weapons made out of gunpowder to kill those opposed to them, but also ensured that they destroyed the entire city as a way of sending a strong message to their next victims (Ragan Ridenour, 2004, pp.436–443). The trend of killing their victims as well as destroying all the cities where they faced opposition worked very well towards subduing many dynasties. Some dynasties were not ready to face their wrath and had to give in to their demands, collaborate with them, and become their subjects as a way of protecting their cities. Having seen some major cities in countries like Poland and Hungary come down and their people killed, it instilled the â€Å"Mongolian† fear in many cities across Europe. These actions not only instilled fear on the Europeans, but also made them to believe that the Mongols were superior to any ki ngdom. Hence, to avoid any damage, there was no need of the cities to engage in battles they could not win. After the Mongols used flaming arrows on Hungarian soldiers entrapped within a camp, the soldiers got terrified and opted to escape through a route that the Mongols had established purposely to trap them. As the soldiers fled the camp, the Mongols got a chance to attack and kill most of them. The Mongols knew that it would be easier to kill the Hungarians as they escaped than accosting them within their safe zones. Hence, they used gunpowder to make sure that the soldiers came out of the camp. The gunpowder explosion terrified the Hungarians forcing them to bolt from the camp falling into the hands of the Mongols. Conclusion The Chinese were the first people to invent gunpowder. Initially, no one knew that gunpowder could be a crucial component in the manufacture of weapons. Hence, people used it in launching fireworks as well as blasting rocks during construction of railway l ines. With time, people started to use gunpowder in the manufacture of crude weapons. One of instances where gunpowder played a significant role in the manufacture of weapons was during the Mongolian invasion of Europe. Use of gunpowder to manufacture weapons greatly contributed to the Mongolian victory during their invasion. It strengthened the fighting capacity of the Mongolian soldiers (May, 2011, p.81). Without gunpowder-propelled weapons, it would have been hard for the Mongols to surmount Polish and Hungarian soldiers who used plated armors. It was hard to pierce through the armor using spears and arrows. Nevertheless, the gunpowder firearms that the Mongols used were strong enough to penetrate the armors. Besides reinforcing the fighting capacity of the Mongolian soldiers, gunpowder helped combat soldiers in their scotched earth tactic. Using gunpowder, the Mongolians managed to annihilate everything belonging to their rivals, thus subduing them easily. The Mongols came up wi th light weapons. Consequently, they stopped depending on the heavy cavalry and turned to light cavalry during their attacks (Khan, 1981, p. 147). Consequently, it was possible for them to attack at a swift speed giving their enemies no time to prepare. Besides enhancing the attacking speed, gunpowder helped the Mongols to instill fear in their enemies, which compelled the majority to flee while others opted to negotiate with the Mongols. One of the factors that made the Mongols overcome the Hungarians is the fear they instilled on the Hungarian soldiers. After the Mongols attacked the Hungarian soldiers using flaming arrows, the soldiers got terrified and thus they could not withstand the attack. In the ensuing melee, the Hungarian soldiers tried to escape only to run straight into the Mongolians trap where majority were killed as they escaped (Ragan Ridenour, 2004, p.448). References Buchanan, B. J. (2006). Gunpowder, explosives and the state: A technological history. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate. Chambers, J. (2002). The devil’s horsemen: The Mongol invasion of Europe. New York, NY: Atheneum. Cocroft, W. (2000). Dangerous energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture. Swindon, UK: English Heritage. Devries, K. (1998). Gunpowder weaponry and the rise of the early modern state. War in History, 5(2), 127-145. Duiker, W., Spielvogel, J. (2008). Explosion in Central Asia: The Mongol Empire: The essential world history (3rd Ed.). Belmont, MA: Thomas Wadsworth. Gray, E., Marsh, H., Mclaren, M. (1982). A short history of gunpowder and the role of charcoal in its manufacture. Journal of Materials Science, 17(12), 3385-3400. Khan, I. A. (1981). Early use of cannon and musket in India: A.D. 1442-1526. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 24(2), 146-164. Khan, I. A. (1996). Coming of gunpowder to the Islamic world and North India: Spotlight on the role of the Mongols. Journal of Asian History, 30, 41–45. Ling, W. (1947). On the invention and use of gunpowder and firearms in China. Isis, 37(4), 160-178. May, T. (2011). The Mongol conquests in world history. London, UK: Reaktion Books. Pacey, A. (1997). Technology in world civilization: A thousand-year history. New York, NY: Maple-Vail, Inc. Ragan, M. C., Ridenour, W. M. (2004). Novel weapons: Invasive success and the evolution of increased competitive ability. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2, 436–443. Rossabi, M. (2012). The Mongols: A very short introduction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Roux, J. (2003). Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers. Saunders, J. (1971). The history of the Mongol conquests. London, UK: Routledge. This term paper on Effect of Gunpowder on the Mongolian Invasion of the Europe before 1850 was written and submitted by user Aubrey Goff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Make Bismuth Crystals From Pepto-Bismol

How to Make Bismuth Crystals From Pepto-Bismol Pepto-Bismol is a common antacid medicine that contains bismuth subsalicylate or pink bismuth, which has the empirical chemical formula  (Bi{C6H4(OH)CO2}3). The chemical is used as an antacid, anti-inflammatory, and bactericide, but in this project, it is used for science! Heres how to extract the bismuth metal from the product. Once you have it, one project you can try is growing your own bismuth crystals. Bismuth Extraction Materials There are a couple of different methods for isolating the bismuth metal. One way is to burn Pepto-Bismol into a metal oxide slag using a blow torch and then separate  the metal from the oxygen. However, theres an easier method that only requires household chemicals. Here are the materials to extract the bismuth, without fire. Pepto-Bismol Tablets: You need a lot. Each pill contains 262 mg bismuth subsalicylate, but only about an eighth of the mass is bismuth.Muriatic Acid - You can find this in a hardware store. Of course, if you have access to a chemistry lab, you can simply use hydrochloric acid.Aluminum FoilCoffee Filter or Filter PaperMortar and Pestle - If you dont have one, find a baggie and a rolling pin or hammer. Get the Bismuth Metal The first step is to crush and grind up the pills to form a powder. This increases the surface area so the next step, a chemical reaction, can proceed more efficiently. Take 150-200 pills and work in batches to grind them up. Aside from a mortar and pestle or bag with rolling pin or hammer, you could opt for a spice mill or coffee grinder. Your choice.Prepare a solution of dilute muriatic acid. Mix one part acid to six parts water. Add the acid to the water to prevent splashing. Note: muriatic acid is the strong acid HCl. It produces irritating fumes and can give you a chemical burn. Its a good plan to wear gloves and protective eyewear when you use it. Use a glass or plastic container, as the acid can attack metals (which is the point, after all.)Dissolve the ground-up tablets in the acid solution. You can stir it with a glass rod, plastic coffee stirrer, or wooden spoon.Remove the solids by filtering the solution through a coffee filter or filter paper. The pink liquid is what you want to save since it contains bismuth ions. Drop aluminum foil into the pink solution. A black solid will form, which is the bismuth. Allow time for the precipitate to sink to the bottom of the container.Filter the liquid through a cloth or paper towel to get the bismuth metal.The final step is to melt the metal. Bismuth has a low melting point, so you can melt it using a torch or in a higher-melting-point pan on a gas grill or even your stove. As the metal melts, youll see impurities pool apart. You can use a toothpick to remove them,Let your metal cool and admire your work. See the beautiful iridescent oxidation layer? You might even see crystals.  Good job! Safety and Cleanup This project requires adult supervision. Keep kids and pets away from the acid and heat.When youre done, dilute the chemicals with large volumes of water before disposing of them. If you want to make absolutely sure the acid is safe, you can add a bit of baking soda to the dilute acid to neutralize it. Pepto-Bismol Fun Facts Interesting adverse effects from ingesting Pepto-Bismol include black tongue and black stools. This occurs when sulfur in saliva and the intestines combines with the medicine to form the insoluble black salt, bismuth sulfide. Although dramatic-looking, the effect is temporary. Sources Gray, Theodore. Gray Matter: Extracting Bismuth from Pepto-Bismol Tablets, Popular Science. August 29, 2012.WesoÅ‚owski, M. (1982). Thermal decomposition of pharmaceutical preparations containing inorganic components.  Microchimica Acta  (Vienna)  77(5–6): 451–464.

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand Research Paper

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand - Research Paper Example It was evident as he would go hunting for Kangaroos and emus in New Zealand and Australia. This paper discusses the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand as not justifiable as it was not the correct thing to solve the problem that was there by then. Franz Ferdinand had a military background. He entered the Austro-Hungarian Army at a young age like the most males during the Habsburg ruling. He underwent various promotions from lieutenant at the age of fourteen to a major general when he was thirty-one years old. It was evident that he had a great influence in the armed forces even when he was not a key command in the military chancery. In the year 1913, Franz was appointed inspector general of all the armed forces of Austria-Hungary. Franz had moral earnestness and intellectual gifts though he was impatient, suspicious and had a hysterical temperament (Eye Witness to History, 2). One of the Franz project while on the throne was to consolidate the structure of the state and the popularity of the crown. This would be done only by abolishing the dominance of the German Austrians, but he opted to maintain them for military reasons. Before his death, he regarded Hungarian nationalism as a revolutionary threat to the Habsburg dynasty and often became angry when the 9th Hussars Regime officers spoke Hungarian in his presence. He also advocated a strategic approach towards Serbia that if harsh treatment in Serbia continued it would lead top Austria-Hungary conflict with Russia (Hayes, 106). In June 1914, Archduke Ferdinand was to visit Sarajevo in Bosnia. It was the south-east of the Austrian empire and it was evident that the Black Hand Gang in the region wanted to be independent from Austria and set up their state which could run itself. This was due to the expectations from the less radical Serbians that when Franz Ferdinand came to power he would ease the position of Serbs and the slaves in the empire through the

Research on Author Bram Stoker Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

On Author Bram Stoker - Research Paper Example To be specific, the amalgamation of history, imagination and horror raises the novel Dracula to new heights of readership, and the novelist to popularity. Thesis statement: Bram Stoker’s writing style, with unique themes, symbols, metaphors, imagery, and character types, is symbolic of the Gothic horror genre in English Literature (special references to the novel Dracula). Short biography Bram Stoker was born in the year 1847, Clontarf in Ireland. His childhood was not so happy because he was forced to be bedridden due to sickness. Sue L. Hamilton states that Bram Stoker’s experiences (say, sickness) in his childhood helped him to be imaginative and creative as a writer (Hamilton 8). When he entered the Trinity College, he was able to overcome the past troubles. For instance, he proved himself as brilliant in athletics and academics. After graduation, Stoker entered the Irish Civil Service and remained as a civil servant for the next 10 years. His entry to the civil ser vice did not hinder him to make progress in his literary career. Besides, his relation with Henry Irving helped him to be in the limelight of Lyceum Theatre in London and his contribution to drama criticism was noteworthy. But Stoker was not ready to give up his ambition to be a writer and he decided to write novels. As pointed out, ill health in childhood and family influence in the early stages of life deeply influenced him and he was attracted towards horror novels. Carol A. Senf opines that Bram Stoker’s curiosity in learning science and horror maybe deeply rooted in his family background (Senf 50). For instance, one can easily identify that Stoker’s novels represent the horror (Gothic) novel genre in English Literature. Some of his novels are: The Snake's Pass (1890), Dracula (1897), Lair of the White Worm (1911), etc. After the marriage with Florence Balcombe in the year 1878, Stoker moved to London and worked as the manger of Lyceum Theatre, London. In London, S toker was able to be in the elite circle of writers. This relationship with writers like Sir Arthur Conan Doyle helped him a lot to fulfil his ambition to be a writer. Meanwhile, Stoker decided to conduct a world tour and visited the United States of America. The world tour boosted Stoker’s craftsmanship as a writer. For instance, in the United States of America, Stoker was able to meet Walt Whitman, one of his favourite writers. Besides, the American tour inspired him to select the same nation as the background of later works. Generally, Bram Stoker’s short stories and other novels apart from gothic novels are less appraised by critics. For instance, the novel Dracula is praised as one of the most important gothic novels in English Literature. Due to stereotyped characterization and less importance given to vividness, Stoker’s other works are generally less accepted. In addition, the high content of melodramatic elements that can be seen in Stoker’s nove ls and short stories reduce the scope of vivid characterization. But the craftsmanship shown by Stoker in describing places proves his craftsmanship as a novelist and short story writer. Bram Stoker passed away in 1912. Bram Stoker’s life history and his journey from Scotland to England are noteworthy because his profession as a theatre manger did not harm his ambition to be a writer. Instead, his profession boosted his ambition to b

Why STIs are called silent infections

Why STIs are called silent infections In the following paragraphs I will be discussing why sexually transmitted diseases are called silent infections. I will also be discussing the topic of urinalysis and its components and how these components may reveal if the body is functioning normally or abnormally. . The information pertaining to these subjects relates to the knowledge I have gained through my readings of The Human Body in Health Disease, as well as personal knowledge and opinion. Explain why sexually transmitted diseases are often called silent infections, and discuss why this is especially true for women. The reason sexually transmitted diseases are called silent infections is that many of them are asymptomatic infections which produce no visible or immediate physical symptoms, thus an individual may be infected with an STD and not know it for days or weeks, even up to years because there are no symptoms present. The bacterium called Chlamydia trachoma, which produces the disease Chlamydia, can be asymptomatic for months and up to years. When symptoms occur they may be very minor at first in women, such as: vaginal discharge, frequent urination that may be painful, pain during sex, vaginal itching and burning. Since a yeast infection (candida albicans) can produce these same symptoms in a woman they may just treat it as a yeast infection and not see a doctor till the symptoms progress or are not relieved by current treatment for some time. This may not be the case with men, since the most common symptoms of a yeast infection in men are extreme itching of the penis glands and red sores on the penis, but they may also experience burning while urinating and uncommonly have discharge from the penis. With Chlamydia, a man that shows symptoms will most likely also have burning while urinating and penis discharge. Yeast infections in men are not as common and these kinds of symptoms usually causes a man to go straight to the doctor instead of the drug store. The disease Chlamydia is very common, and if diagnosed early it can be treated very effectively, but left untreated it can cause a number of health issues such as: conjunctivitis, which is an eye infection or pinkeye; urogenital infections such as yeast infections; systematic infections which are infections that are spread throughout the body, and also progress to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which causes infertility and sterility, and if untreated may cause death through septic shock. The bacterium syphilis (treponema pallidum) is another good example of a STD that takes a number of months to cause any visib le or physical symptoms and has three stages that it may progress through if left undiagnosed and untreated. The first stage, primary syphilis is highly contagious and produces chancre sores on the outside and inside of the vagina, the penis and scrotum and also the mouth. This stage can be treated with antibiotics, and if left untreated it may resolve itself within a month or so, but if this disease is not treated in the first stage it is possible that it will recur later as the second stage. The second stage, is secondary syphilis, is also highly contagious and at this point the disease has spread throughout the body and its organ systems. In this stage the symptoms may include sore throat, fever, headaches and a skin rash on the hands and feet. Also, the individual may develop wart-like sores on the penis or vagina areas. Besides the wart-like sores, all other symptoms may not be recognized as caused by a possible STD since these symptoms are similar to the common cold and allerg ic rash. So once again, the disease may be silent in it diagnosis and goes untreated so it can progress to the next stage, as well as most likely infecting others. The third stage is called tertiary syphilis and the disease is still affecting the body and its organ systems (systematic stage) throughout. By now many of the organ systems may be showing signs of the disease, and may be developing problems which can cause many serious health issues and possible death. The STD HIV and trichomoniasis are also asymptomatic in most individuals for some time. These are just a few of many STDs an individual may contract that may show no immediate symptoms and can go untreated, and can continue to spread from individual to individual. The reason STDs are especially silent diseases for women is that they may move to other parts of the body and cause damage of secondary infections/diseases without producing any symptoms. If some symptoms do develop they may present themselves as a common infection, such as, yeast infection or urinary tract infection. STDs that go undiagnosed in women can spread through the reproductive system (cervix, uterus and uterine/fallopian tubes) as well as the blood and other organ systems. The two STDs I discussed above, syphilis (treponema pallidum) and Chlamydia trachoma, are good examples of silent STDS, and both can produce few or no symptoms and are very commonly undiagnosed or untreated, thus causing secondary diseases like pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can cause infertility, chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy and increase the risk of contracting HIV if exposed to the virus; This why I believe that STDs are especially silent diseases for women. Describe the different components of a urinalysis and discuss what each may reveal about the normal or abnormal functioning of the body. Give specific examples Urinalysis is the process of examining urine through three specific methods. The three methods used are microscopic, physical and chemical examination. Through the use of these methods, a lot can be determined about how the body is functioning and be a very helpful tool in discovering problems or diseases that may be occurring within the body and its organ systems. The physical characteristics of urine that are examined are; color, odor and specific gravity. The color of urine is normally straw-colored, transparent yellow or amber. This is mainly caused by pigment (urochrome), as well as substances we regularly ingest. There are many things that can change the color of urine or cause it to be cloudy, such as certain food, vitamins, dehydration, bile, blood, bacteria and certain drugs. Thus when urine is an abnormal color it may just be from types of foods the individual is eating or vitamins or drugs, but it could also indicate developing problems such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, kidney stones, urinary tract infection and acute glomerulonephritis. Therefore, when urine appears an abnormal color during an examination, it would be further tested chemically and microscopically to confirm the findings of the physical examination. The odor of urine is normally very minor, and when this is not the case it may indicate such diseases as diabetes mellitus or a bacterial infection of the kidney or bladder. The presences of a strong odor may also just be from B vitamins or food like asparagus, garlic, and curry, so abnormal strong smelling urine would also be confirmed in the same manner as color. The urine specific gravity is the level of chemicals/substances in the urine, as well as water content. If the urine specific gravity is above or below the normal range (1.001-1.035 g/ml) it indicates that there is some type of disease or disorder present. When the specific gravity is increased it may indicate that the individual is dehydrated or has developed kidney stone. Also, d iseases such as renal arterial stenosis, congestive heart failure and glycosuria can cause an increase in specific gravity. If the specific gravity is low it may be a sign of such diseases as pyelonophritis (kidney infection), renal failure and diabetes insipius-nephrogenic. It can also be caused by an individual ingesting an excessive amount of fluid. As with the other physical examination processes any abnormal findings would be confirmed through further testing before treatment was performed. The chemical and microscopic processes are used to look for normal and abnormal substances and the concentration of these substances in the urine such as the pH level and normal and abnormal compounds. The normal compounds that will be found in urine are such things as; mineral ions (chloride, potassium and sodium), urine pigments, nitrogenous wastes (ammonia, creatinine, urea and uric acid) and suspended solids or sediment (bacteria, blood cells and casts). All these substance are normal characteristics of urine that are unneeded waste products that the kidneys have excreted during the reabsorption process. The mineral ions levels of chloride, potassium and sodium in the urine will be influenced by the individual intake of these minerals and the bodyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s need for them at the specific time they are consumed. The nitrogenous wastes ammonia, creatinine, uric acid and urea are also normal at certain levels. These substances are a byproduct of protein being broken down. If the kidneys do not excrete these nitrogenous waste products they will build up to a toxic level within the body at a very fast rate. If there are low levels of these substances in the urine it may be an indicator that there is a problem with renal function, such as acute or chronic renal failure. This would cause these substances to stay in the blood, instead of being cleansed out by the kidneys and excreted out in the urine. The presence of bacteria, blood cells and casts in urine is normal in some aspects. There are certain levels of hyaline cast that are normal for urine to contain; these are produced by deposits of cells and minerals that have broken free from the walls of the renal tubes into the urine. There are usually very few, if any, red blood cells in urine. The presence of very low quantities of red blood cells is possible in a perfectly healthy individual and especially in women because of menstruation. Urine will most likely contain some bacteria becau se of contamination during the process of giving the sample, but normally there should be no bacteria present if the sample is not contaminated by bacteria from the vagina or penis. I will be discussing the process used to examine casts, bacteria and blood cells in urine, as well as what abnormal levels of these substances may indicate later in the following paragraph. Abnormal compounds that may be found are: acetone, albumin, bile and glucose. The presence of these compounds can reveal a problem or disease in the body. For example, the presence of glucose in the urine (glycosuria) is a good indicator that the individual has diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus causes the blood glucose concentration to increase beyond the renal threshold and the kidneys cannot reabsorb the excess glucose, so the excess glucose stays in the urine. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of the pancreas islet cells that produce insulin to regulate blood glucose levels. When bile is present in the urine it may indicate the common bile duct is blocked, which may be caused by gallstones. It may also indicate other liver disorders such as hepatitis and cirrhosis. The substance albumin (protein) may normally be found in urine at low levels between 0 to 8 mg/dl. If the albumin levels exceed this level it may indicate there is a problem occurring in the kidneys, such as the glomer uli of the kidney may be damaged, causing it to allow protein to leak into the urine during the filtration process of the blood. This could be caused by kidney diseases and other contributing factors, such as diabetes or hypertension. The presence of high levels of the substance acetone in the urine can be produced by factors that involve diabetes mellitus that is not properly controlled. This may be caused by a lack of insulin secretion, which increases glucose supplies in the blood, but less entering the cells to use for fuel. Thus in the bodyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s attempt to create homeostasis it breaks down fat for energy, and as a result of using fat for energy it produces acetone that ends up in the urine as waste. The pH level can be an indicator of a number of problems that are occurring within the body. The normal pH level should be between 4.6 and 8.0 in urine. When pH level is low, or has increased acidity, it may indicate the individual is dehydrated or has diabetic acidosis, which is caused by uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or respiratory acidosis, which is caused by the retention of excess carbon dioxide in the body. When an individual has a high pH level, or increased alkaline, it may be an indicator of a urinary tract obstruction, which is an obstruction within the urinary tract that may be caused by kidney stone (calculi) or a tumor. Also, it may be caused by chronic renal failure, which is when the kidney starts to fail and does not properly process blood and create urine. These are just a few of the things high or low pH levels may indicate. Some compounds such as suspended solids or sediment (bacteria, blood cells and casts) are examined through the microscopic process after being spun in a centrifuge to push these substances to the bottom of the test tube. These substances at the bottom are then examined for the presence of abnormal cells, as well as high levels of blood cells, which may indicate things, such as bladder infect ion, kidney infection, bleeding within the urinary tract, and also prostatitis which is inflammation of the prostate gland, as well as other symptoms depending on the type of prostatitis. This process is also used to examine the urine for casts. Casts are tube-shaped particles that are composed of ether minerals, kidney cells, or red or white blood cells that have formed in the renal tubules of the kidneys. Then as the urine passes through these tubules they dislodge from the walls of the renal tubules and flow out of the body in the urine. There are many different types of casts and by examining which type that is in an individualà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s urine, it may indicate if there are health issues developing such as chronic renal failure, renal tubular necrosis, bleeding within the kidney, interstitial inflammation and dehydration. As I mentioned in the previous paragraph, it is normal to have some hyaline casts in the urine, but such types as fatty casts, white bl ood cell casts, granular casts and waxy casts are indicators of problems occurring within the renal system or diseases in other parts of the body. In conclusion, there are many types of STDs that show no immediate symptoms, and that if left untreated can cause a number of serious health issues and even death. However, many of these STDs are completely treatable with no lasting effects or damage if diagnosed before they progress and affect other organs system of the body. For any individual, regardless of gender, regular check-ups and screening for STDS is necessary; even if safe sex is practiced, it is very possible to contract an STD from another person just through physical contact, such as kissing or just touching their hands when certain diseases are present. It is important for every individual, no matter what age or gender, to have regular physicals to not only be screened for STDs, but also for other diseases that may be developing within the body, and a number of diseases can be diagnosed through the process of urinalysis.