Compose own question Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compose own question - Literature review Example In general, this study presumes that the potential success of Shangri-la hotel was very much dependent on the company’s ability to meet the needs and wants of prospective clients. Therefore, this study aims to address the following research questions: (1) What are the branding strategies currently being used by Shangri-la hotel?; (2) How does Shangri-la hotel benefit from its branding strategies?; and (3) What is the significance of brand positioning and branding within the modern international tourism industry? Chapter II – Literature Review 2.1 Current Branding Strategies of Shangri-la Hotel First of all, it is essential to take note that the target customers of Shangri-la are the influential people who are able to pay first-rate price for its food and lodging services. Meaning, this particular hotel company has positioned its brand as one that offers luxury hotel products and services (Shangri-La, 2013a). This explains why Shangri-la continuously serve the best quali ty products and maintains its stylish, modern, and motivational architectural and interior design (Shangri-La, 2013c). As a result, Shangri-la created a competitive advantage which allows them to charge its customers with hotel accommodation fee much higher than the fee of other hotels worldwide (Schmitt and Rogers, 2008, p. 79). Generally, multinational companies such as Shangri-la uses a global advertising strategy as part of their global campaigns (Jiang and Wei, 2012). To establish and reinforce Shangri-la’s brand image, the top management of this particular hotel group uses either social networking sites or e-mail when advertising and promoting their special offers on bridal packages among others (Facebook, 2013). In some cases, Shangri-la has posted its special offers on bridal magazines (Shangri-La, 2013d). Customers’ satisfaction is strongly influenced by its brand image. In most cases, customers who are satisfied with what they receive from the hotel may end u p developing a stronger brand recognition and eventually remain loyal to the brand (Clottey, Collier and Stodnick, 2008). To bring high quality service, Shangri-la offers important training and development programme for the benefit of its employees (Shangri-La, 2013e). Not all people can afford the high price of Shangri-la’s accommodation rate. Associated to the brand of Shangri-la, this particular hotel company created a separate brand and eventually positioned it as a hotel that offers cheaper and more affordable rate for its hotel service (Kerry Hotels, 2013). For example, â€Å"Traders Hotel† was established to serve the lodging needs of the price-sensitive clients worldwide (Traders Hotels, 2013). To serve the Chinese community in Beijing, Shangri-la established the â€Å"Kerry Hotel† sometime in 2011 (Kerry Hotels, 2013). 2.2 Advantages of Shangri-La’s Existing Branding Strategies Advertising is necessary to create brand familiarity or make Shangri- la’s target customers feel special and associated with the brand (Fuchs, 2008). Often times, brand familiarity increases not only the customers’

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Essay Example for Free

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Essay Dr. avul Pakir Jainulabdeen abdul kalam was born on 15th october , 1931 at Dhanushkodi in Rameshwaram district of Tamilnadu. He did his secondary education at schwartz high school in Ramanathapuram ,B. Sc. at St . Josephs college ,Tiruchi and DMIT in Aeronautical Enginerring at the MIT^,Madras (chennai) during 1954 57. After passing out as a graduate aeronautical engineer Kalam joined ( Hindustan Aeronautics Limited) Banglore as a trainee , and later joined as a Techincal assistant in the directorate of Technical Development and Production of the Ministry of defence. In1960s kalam joined the Vikram Sarabhai Space Research center at Thumba in Kerala . he played a major role in developing the first indigenous satellite launched vehicle . in 1982,he rejoined DRDO as director and conceived the integrated Guided MIssile Development programme (IGMDP) for five indigenous missiles : Nag Prithvi ,Akash, Trishul ,AGNI. Dr. APJ. Abdul kalam has established an advance technology research center called Research Center Imarat to undertake development in futuristic missile technology areas . t was perhaps the most satisfying achivenent for Kalam during the missile years. Dr. Kalam has also servd as Principal Scientific Advisdor to the government of india during 25th novenber 1999-10 November 2001. Later , hequit the job and took over the job as distinguished professor at Anna University . on july 25,2002 , Dr . A. P. J Abdul Kalam was sw2orn in as the 12th president of india by chif Justice of India Shri B. N.  Kirpal in central hall of parliment at an impressive function telecaste live across the parliment at an impressive function telecaste live across the country Dr . Kalam took the oath in the name of God as a 21 -gun salute boomed in the background. Dr. Kalam a bachelor is connoisseur of classicalcarnatic music . he plays veena in his leisure. He write poetry in tamil , his mother -tongue . seventeen of him poems were translated into English and published in 1994 as a book entitled My journey. He reads the quran and the Bhagavad Gita with equal devotion . he is also New Millenium , wings of Fire ; An Autobiography and ignited Minds . Dr. kalam is by no means a miracle man . His advice to the youngster of the nation is to dream dream and convert these into thoughts and later into actions. people Also to think big. we are a nation of a billiuon people and we must thik like a nation of a billion people . only then can we become big.

The First World War and Womens Suffrage in Britain Essay -- Womens R

Outline A. Plan of Investigation B. Summary of Evidence C. Evaluation of Sources D. Analysis Works Cited A. Plan of Investigation The 19th century was an important phase for feminism in Britain. The suffrage movement began as a struggle to achieve equal rights for women in 1872. Women then became active in their quest for political recognition, which they finally obtained in 1928. This investigation assesses the question: To what extent did the First World War lead to the accomplishment of the women’s suffrage movement of Britain in 1928? Two of the sources used in the essay, The Women’s Suffrage: a short history of a great Movement by Millicent Garrett Fawcett, and The cause: a short history of the women's movement in Great Britain By Ray Strachey, are evaluated for their origin, purpose, value and limitations. This investigation will consider the role of women before, during, and after the war. B. Summary of Evidence The Women’s national movement, in the United Kingdom began in 1792, in response to female oppression and lack of rights. (Strachey, 12) The female society had narrow and futile lives, (Fawcett, 13) women had no place in national politics, and they were absolute to men and had no real standing of their own. (Fawcett, 15) Their justification of existence was to be wives, child bearers, and daughters of men. (Strachey, 16) For example, in 1832 the word ‘male’ was introduced instead of ‘person’ in the Reform act, showing the discrimination of females in the society. (Rover, 84) Women faced a bitter reality, thus sought ‘Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity† as claimed by Mary Wollstonecraft, whose book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, expresses the feminist ideal and claim for human righ... ... Suffragettes: the Women's Social and Political Union, 1903-1918. Madison [N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 1999. Print. †¢ "Millicent Garrett Fawcett: Biography." Spartacus Educational. Web. 9 Dec. 2011. . †¢ "Ray Strachey: Biography." Spartacus Educational. Web. 09 Dec. 2011. . †¢ Bourke, Joanna. "Women on the Home Front in World War One." BBC News. BBC. Web. 15 Sept. 2011. . †¢ Rover, Constance. Women's Suffrage and Party Politics in Britain, 1866-1914. SPH, 1967. Print. †¢ Strachey, Ray. Cause: a Short History of the Women's Movement in Great Britain. London: Virago, 1988. Print. †¢ Pugh, Martin. Women and the Women's Movement in Britain, 1914-1999. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000. Print.

Christian Dating & Marriage Customs Essay

For Christians, searching for a lifetime partner is not an easy task, but if it is done properly and patiently, it can be very rewarding. Partners are sought after, of course, within the limited pool of Christianity. Often potential dates arise from acquaintances within the same church that men and women regularly visit. They may becomes friends later as a result of being actively involved in church activities, whether as volunteers during Sunday services, such as in the choir or Sunday school, or as outreach volunteers working to help the community. However, stronger ties bind two people together when they spend more time in situations that are challenging. Thus, for Christians, dating in a movie theatre is not recommended. Instead, spending time together serving the homeless in a shelter, for example, will be more productive in getting to know each other and building rapport. Once a couple is ready to get married, they will celebrate their union with spiritual rituals and customs during the wedding day. The seating of parents and grandparents as honored guests come first during the ceremony. Then it is followed by the Bridal Processional where the Minister, Groom, Bridesmaids, Groomsmen, Maid of Honor, Best Man, Flower Girl and Ring Bearer slowly enter. The Bride, together with her father, then marches in. Next, the minister leads the Call to Worship and Opening Prayer. The parents then give the Bride away and a Worship Song follows while the wedding couple moves to the stage and the Ring Bearer and Flower Girl sit together with their parents. The couple then proclaims their promises through the Charge, the Pledge and Wedding Vows. The rings are then exchanged and the Lighting of the Unity Candle comes next. Finally, through the Pronouncement, the couple is officially wed. They kiss and are presented by the Minister. Communion and a Closing Prayer may also be included before the Recessional, where the participants exit the stage, Groom and Bride first, followed by the Best Man and Maid of Honor, the Groomsmen and Bridesmaids, and the Ring Bearer and Flower Girl (Fairchild 2010). References Fairchild, Mary. (2010). â€Å"Christian Wedding Ceremony – A Complete Outline. † About. com.

“On the Waterfront” and the Music of Leonard Bernstein

Addam Farmer MUS 468I Written Project Professor Perry La Marca 3/19/2012 â€Å"On the Waterfront† and the Music of Leonard Bernstein (1954) â€Å"On the Waterfront† is a masterpiece film about a union man (Terry Malloy) whom makes an attempt to stand up to the corrupt mob bosses leading the Longshoremen’s Union. Just as important as the plot of the film is the music; the original score by Leonard Bernstein greatly influenced how other composers would approach film scoring.Bernstein combined the â€Å"American† characteristics of Aaron Copland’s music (disjunct melodies, wide intervals, small but colorful ensembles) with the dark and somewhat disturbing elements of modernism. Bernstein did not shy away from dissonance, and he also incorporated jazz elements (such as brass and rhythmic syncopation) into the equation. During the opening credits, we can hear a solo French horn followed by a small music ensemble. This is expected of the modernist techniq ue – to start off with one instrument followed by others mirroring the opening melody and/or providing contrapuntal contrast.What is amazing about â€Å"On the Waterfront† is not just the music itself –rather, it is the way in which Bernstein employs his music. The movie score is not wall-to-wall; there are long periods of silence in the film (other than sound effects and dialog. ) Strategic musical entrances and long periods of silence are carefully placed to help with the storytelling of the film. For instance, when the â€Å"non-corrupt† members of the Longshoremen’s Union meet in the Church to discuss their problems, there is no music.Suddenly, thrilling â€Å"danger† music begins to play, followed by the mobsters’ attempt to break up the union meeting. The corrupted mobsters begin to beat up the union members, showering them with intimidation. The placement of the music plays a vital role in this scene as the absence of the music symbolizes the absence of conflict. Another way Bernstein helped the film is through his utilization of various themes. The â€Å"Waterfront† theme serves as the frame of the musical score.Parts of the theme can be heard throughout the film, but the â€Å"Waterfront† theme is only heard in the complete form at the beginning and end of the film. There is also a love theme that acts as the catalyst for the portrayal of Edie and Terry’s chemistry. Lastly, the dominant theme in the film is the â€Å"Violence† theme, which is first heard in the second scene with the death of Joey. These themes help to distinguish the films elements: the love story between Edie and Terry, the violent nature of the corrupt union bosses, and the overall message of the film.The greatest point in the music occurs at the climax of the film, when Terry gets severely bruised and beaten by the union boss’s men. At this point, Bernstein utilizes the â€Å"Violence† theme surrounded by dissonance and jazz-style syncopated rhythms. Then, when we see Terry’s bloodied face, a plainer version of the â€Å"Violence† theme is heard in the woodwinds. The opening â€Å"Waterfront† theme is then heard by a solo horn after Terry asks the others to â€Å"Put me on my feet. † The horn is joined by an orchestra.The proceeding music follows the nationalistic, proud, â€Å"American† music style of Aaron Copland – Bernstein again shows the listeners where his own compositional influences come from. The grand performance of the theme suggests the unity of the union members standing up to the mob bosses. The theme also can suggest the courage held by the longshoremen as working citizens of American society. Leonard Bernstein was a musical genius in many different aspects. It is kind of a shame that â€Å"On the Waterfront† was his only original film score – even â€Å"West Side Story† was later adapted for film.His intelligent use of various themes coupled with his great sense for rests in the score create a mood that sucks the viewer into the world of Terry Malloy. His careful decisions concerning where to place the silences also help to surprise the viewers in a way that is conducive to the film; the viewer can’t help but wonder what will happen next. It is no wonder that Bernstein’s scoring for â€Å"On the Waterfront† was held in high esteem by the very composers that inspired him.

The Koster Site 9,000 Years on the Illinois River

The Koster Site 9,000 Years on the Illinois River The Koster site is an ancient, deeply buried archaeological site located on Koster Creek, a narrow tributary stream incised into the alluvial deposits of the lower Illinois River Valley. The Illinois River is itself a major tributary of the Mississippi River in central Illinois and the site lies only about 48 kilometers (30 miles) north of where Illinois meets the Mississippi today at the town of Grafton. The site is stunningly important in North American prehistory, for its well-preserved human occupations dating back nearly 9,000 years, and the impact of its discovery so deep within the alluvial fan. Chronology The following chronology is derived from Struever and Holton; the horizons were what was visible in the field, although later analysis proved there were 25 distinct occupations in Kosters stratigraphy. Horizon 1, Mississippian, AD 1000-1200Horizon 1b, Middle-Late Woodland (Black Sand phase), AD 400-1000Horizon 2, Early Woodland (Riverton), 200-100 BCHorizon 3, Late Archaic, 1500-1200 BCHorizon 4, Late Archaic, 2000 BCHorizon 5, Middle-Late ArchaicHorizon 6, Middle Archaic (Helton phase), 3900-2800 BC, 25 human burialsHorizon 7, Middle ArchaicHorizon 8, Middle Archaic, 5000 BCHorizon 9, Middle Archaic, 5800 BCHorizon 10 Early-Middle Archaic, 6000-5800 BCHorizon 11, Early Archaic, 6400 BC, 9 human burials, 5 dog burialsHorizon 12, Early ArchaicHorizon 13, Early Archaic (Kirk notched point), 7500-6700 BCHorizon 14, sterile At the surface, Koster covers an area of approximately 12,000 square meters (about 3 acres), and its deposits extend more than 9 meters (30 feet) into the rivers alluvial terraces. The site is at the contact between the limestone bluffs and upland loess plains to the east and the Illinois River floodplain to the west. Occupations present within the date of the deposit from Early Archaic through the Mississippian period, radiocarbon-dated to between about 9000 to 500 years ago. During most of the prehistoric occupation of the site, the Illinois River was located 5 km (3 mi) to the west with a seasonally fluctuating backwater Lake within one km (half-mile). Chert sources for making stone tools are in the nearby limestone bluffs lining the valley and included Burlington and Keokuk, sources which vary in quality from fine-grained to coarse-grained. Site Discovery In 1968, Stuart Struever was a faculty member in the anthropology department at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. He was a down-stater, however, having grown up far from Chicago in the small town of Peru, Illinois, and he never lost the ability to speak the language of the down-stater. And so it was that he made true friendships among the landowners of the Lowilva, the local name for the Lower Illinois Valley, where the Mississippi River meets Illinois. Among the life-long friends he made were Theodore Teed Koster and his wife Mary, retired farmers who just happened to have an archaeological site on their property, who just happened to be interested in the past. Struevers investigations (1969-1978) at Koster farm revealed not only the middle and early late Woodland materials reported by the Kosters but a stratified multi-component archaic period site of astonishing depth and integrity. Archaic Occupations at Koster Beneath the Koster farm lies evidence of 25 different human occupations, beginning with the early Archaic period, around 7500 BC, and ending with the Koster farm. Village after village, some with cemeteries, some with houses, beginning some 34 feet below the modern Koster farmstead. Each occupation was buried by the deposits of the river, each occupation leaving its mark on the landscape nonetheless. Probably the best-studied occupation to date (Koster is still the focus of many graduate theses) is the set of Early Archaic occupations known as Horizon 11, dated 8700 years ago. Archaeological excavations of Horizon 11 have revealed a thick midden of human occupation residues, basin-shaped storage pits and hearths, human graves, diverse stone, and bone tool assemblages, and floral and faunal remains resulting from human subsistence activities. Dates on Horizon 11 range from 8132-8480 uncalibrated radiocarbon years before the present (RCYBP). Also in Horizon 11 were the bones of five domesticated dogs, representing some of the earliest evidence for the domestic dog in the Americas. The dogs were purposefully buried in shallow pits and they are the earliest known dog burials in North America. The burials are essentially complete: all of them are adults, none exhibit evidence of burning or butchery marks. Impacts In addition to the vast amount of information garnered about the American Archaic period, the Koster site is also important for its long-term interdisciplinary research efforts. The site is located near the town of Kampsville, and Struever set up his lab there, now the Center for American Archaeology and a major center of archaeological research in the American Midwest. And, perhaps most importantly, the Northwestern University excavations at Koster proved that ancient sites could be preserved hidden deep beneath the valley floors of major rivers. Sources Boon AL. 2013. A Faunal Analysis of the Eleventh Horizon of the Koster Site (11GE4). California: Indiana University of Pennsylvania.Brown JA, and Vierra RK. 1983. What happened in the Middle Archaic? Introduction to an ecological approach to Koster Site archaeology. In: Phillips JL, and Brown JA, editors. Archaic Hunters and Gatherers in the American Midwest. New York: Academic Press. p 165-195.Butzer KW. 1978. Changing Holocene Environments at the Koster Site: A Geo-Archaeological Perspective. American Antiquity 43(3):408-413.Houart GL, editor. 1971. Koster: a stratified archaic site in the Illinois Valley. Springfield: Illinois State Museum.Jeske RJ, and Lurie R. 1993. The archaeological visibility of bipolar technology: An example from the Koster site. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 18:131-160.Morey DF, and Wiant MD. 1992. Early holocene domestic dog burials from the North American Midwest. Current Anthropology 33(2):225-229.Struever S, and Antonelli HF. 2000. Koster: Ameri cans in Search of their Prehistoric Past. Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. Wiant MD, Hajic ER, and Styles TR. 1983. Napoleon Hollow and Koster site stratigraphy: Implications for Holocene landscape evolution and studies of Archaic period settlement patterns in the Lower Illinois Valley. In: Phillips JL, and Brown JA, editors. Archaic Hunters and Gatherers in the American Midwest. New York: Academic Press. p 147-164.

Cigarette Addiction Essays

Cigarette Addiction Essays Cigarette Addiction Paper Cigarette Addiction Paper Cigarette Addiction Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cigarette addiction is currently one of the most prevalent and destructive forms of substance abuse. The Centers for Disease Control claimed in 2001 that 440,000 Americans die of tobacco-related illnesses every year – more than World War II and the Vietnam War combined (MyAddiction, n. pag.). By 2008, about 1 out of 5 Americans are cigarette smokers, with 80% starting before they turn 18 years old (OncologyChannel, n. pag.). Despite these alarmingly high figures, smokers are still reaching for the pack. Most smokers want to quit, but their addiction to cigarettes holds them back (Pray, n. pag.). A single cigarette has more than 4,000 chemicals, most of which are highly poisonous and carcinogenic (Williams, n. pag.). The three major components of cigarettes are nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide (Williams, n. pag.). Nicotine is the substance that causes cigarette addiction – it releases neurotransmitters that increase heart rate, blood pressure and adrenaline (Williams, n. pag.). Tar is a toxic substance that, when inhaled, paralyzes the cilia (the tiny hairs on the lungs that protect it from dirt and infection) (Williams, n. pag.). Carbon monoxide is a very poisonous gas that reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood (Williams, n. pag.). Decreased oxygen in the blood causes the heart to overwork itself through excessive pumping (Williams, n. pag.). Cigarettes also include the following toxic components: benzene, formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, cadmium, acetone and arsenic (Williams, n. pag.). Hence, it is no longer surprising if cigarette smoking leads to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases such as lung cancer, emphysema, heart attack and stroke (Quit-Smoking Stop, n. pag.). Smoking among women has long been associated with premature delivery, miscarriages, infertility, low birth weight and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (Health-Cares, n. pag.). Children of smokers are more prone to allergies, colds and earaches than children of non-smokers (Health-Cares, n. pag.). Secondhand smoke, meanwhile, can lead to asthma, lung cancer, nasal sinus cancer, middle-ear infections in children, miscarriages and cervical cancer (OCAT, n. pag.). In 2007, it was said that more Americans die of smoking every year than of alcohol, car crashes, suicide, AIDS, homicide and illegal drugs combined (OncologyChannel, n. pag.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although nicotine is the main factor behind cigarette addiction, social factors also play a role. Some smokers consider smoking to be a social ritual, especially if they are surrounded with family, friends or co-workers who smoke as well (Tan, n. pag.). Other smokers who try to quit, meanwhile, may find themselves smoking when they are depressed, bewildered or angry (Tan, n. pag.). Smokers who have become so addicted to smoking may exhibit stimulus-response behavior – even if they are no longer addicted to nicotine, they smoke whenever they are faced with situations when they used to smoke, like smoking while driving on long roads or while drinking a cup of coffee (Tan, n. pag.). It also does not help that cigarette advertisements glorify cigarettes and smoking as a solution to a problem or an indicator of masculinity or good taste (Tan, n. pag.). The last factor has prompted France in 2007 to completely ban tobacco advertisements o n its media outlets, limit smoking in public establishments and remove tobacco from its Consumer Price Index (CPI) (Tan, n. pag.). As a result, France’s smoking rates for that year was reduced to 7% (Tan, n. pag.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cigarette addiction, just like all other forms of substance abuse, may be pleasurable at first. But in the long run, it is very harmful, and, in the end, fatal. But akin to other types of substance dependency, the first step in overcoming cigarette addiction is for a person to acknowledge that he or she is experiencing a dependency on cigarettes. He or she must then accept the fact that he or she caused his addiction, not other people. A person may blame the whole world for his or her being hooked on cigarettes. But at the end of the day, it is still him or her who will die from his or her addiction. Pray, Dale. â€Å"Quit Smoking Cigarettes†¦Information about Tobacco.† n.d. Cigarette   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Addiction. 13 May 2008 megalink.net/~dale/quitcigs.html. Tan, Michael. â€Å"Thank You for Not Smoking.† 25 May 2007. Daily. 13 May 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://daily.rsi.sg/story.php?cat=11id=62. â€Å"Harmful Effects of Smoking.† 2007. Quit-Smoking Stop. 13 May 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   quit-smoking-stop.com/harmful-smoking-effects.html. â€Å"Second-Hand Smoke.† n.d. Ontario Campaign for Action on Tobacco (OCAT). 13 May   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2008 ocat.org/healtheffects/index.html. â€Å"Smoking: Facts.† 7 February 2008. OncologyChannel. 13 May 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   oncologychannel.com/smoking/facts.shtml. â€Å"Tobacco, Smoking and Nicotine Addiction: Statistics and Facts.† 2008. MyAddiction.com. 13 May 2008 myaddiction.com/education/articles/tobacco_statistics.html. â€Å"Tobacco Use in the United States.† PDF File. n.d. National Tobacco Cessation Collaborative   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (NTCC). 13 May 2008 www.tobacco-cessation.org/PDFs/Use_in_US.pdf. â€Å"Women’s Health and Smoking.† 2005. Health-Cares.net. 13 May 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://mens-health.health-cares.net/smoking-women-health.php. Williams, Monica. â€Å"What’s in a Cigarette? Chemical Components and the Effects on Your   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Body.† 2008. Epigee Women’s Health. 13 May 2008 epigee.org/smoke-components.html.